专八mini-lecture，由于答案不是唯一的，所以采取听写策略。本篇mini-lecture大概分为五个音频听写。
Ethical procedures are particularly critical in times of crisis. Pay disputes, sexual harassment charges or cases of fraud, for example, can involve very complex issue that require careful decision-making and can have a very negative effect on staff morale. At such times it is crucial that companies act in an ethical manner. By doing so, they may not be able to avoid the potentially damaging publicity such cases inevitably attract; they will, however, be in a much stronger position to defend themselves in a court of law. The major obstacle which companies face, having established a code of conduct, is that of ensuring that each individual member of staff follows it. Some organizations simply distribute leaflets to all staff in the hope that they will read and act on them. Other companies take a more active approach and invite management gurus to hold seminars on the subject, which, while often highly entertaining, have little long-term impact.