vt. 保卫；防护；防守

She had to defend herself against the guard dog. 她不得不防备看门狗咬她。

辩护；辩解 ;守卫；防御

He's better at defending than attacking. 他的防守优于进攻。 The accused man had a lawyer to defend him. 被告有一律师为他辩护。

【习惯用语】 defend against 保卫； 抵抗 defend from 保护， 保卫(使不受伤害)

【参考词汇】 defend /guard /protect /preserve 都含“保护”、“使安全”的意思。

defend指“保卫”、“防御”, 应用范围很广， 对象可以是具体的， 也可以是抽象的， 用于defend sb. against / from harm结构。如： defend oneself against enemy 防御敌人。

guard 指“注意观察、戒备， 以免受可能的攻击或伤害”, 如： guard a coastline 守卫海岸线。

protect 指“保护。..以免遭受危险或伤害等”, 常用protect sb. from sth./against sth.的结构。如： protect the children from harm 保护儿童免受伤害。

preserve 指“防护、保存。..免被分解或腐烂”, 如： Salt preserves food from decay. 盐能防止食物腐烂。

secure指确保不会发生意外等如secure oneself against/from danger使自己免于危险。

By strengthening the river banks, the city secured itself against flood. 由于加强了河堤， 该城可确保免受水灾。

adj. 正常的；常态的；一般的

The normal price of a ticket if $230! 一张票的正常价格是230英镑。

above [below] normal 标准以上[下] return to normal 恢复正常

The rain raised the river two meters above normal. 雨水使得这条河水位超出标准两米。

智力正常的；身心健全的 a normal child

【参考词汇】

normal /ordinary /regular 都含“正常的”、“正规的” 、“普通的”的意思。

normal指“正常的”、“正规的”、“常态的”, 如： the normal temperature of the human body 人的正常体温。

ordinary强调“平常的”、“平淡无奇的”， 常指人或事物不特殊。 如：His ordinary supper consists of only bread and milk. 他通常的晚餐不过是面包和牛奶。an ordinary day's work 日常工作。

regular 指“有规律的”、“正规的”、“定期的”, 如： He kept regular hours. 他过着有规律的生活。

common强调“常见的”、“ 不足为奇的”， 如：Colds are common in winter.感冒在冬天很常见。common knowledge/sense 常识

general意为“普遍的”、“一般的”， 如：This book is intended for the general reader, not for the specialist. 这本书是为一般读者写的， 不是为专家写的。

10.注意几个表否定的副词

▲seldom adv. 不常，很少

The children are seldom ill. 这些孩子很少生病。Opportunity seldom knocks twice.机不可失，时不再来。

▲barely adv. 贫乏地；刚刚

They had barely time to catch the plane. 他们差点没来得及赶上飞机。

The committee had barely entered into the matter when he felt dizzy. 委员会刚开始讨论此事，他就感到头晕了。

He had barely enough money to buy food. 他仅有刚够买食物的钱。

▲hardly adv. 几乎不；简直不

This is hardly the time to discuss such matters. 在现在讨论这事根本不合适。

It was so dark that I could hardly see. 天那么黑，我简直看不见了。

I can hardly ask him directly for more money. 我绝不能直接向他多要钱。

He hardly ever eats meat. 他从来不吃肉。 Peter is hardly ever late. 玛丽几乎从不迟到。

【习惯用语】 hardly any 几乎没有 hardly ever 很少

▲scarcely adv. 不足地，不充分地， 几乎没有

There is scarcely enough food. 几乎没有足够的食物。

There was scarcely anything mentioned about that contract. 关于那份合同几乎什么也没提到。

…scarcely ….when/before…刚…一。..就。.. (=…hardly…when…= …no sooner…than….)

▲narrowly adv. 仅仅；勉强； 恰好

One car narrowly missed hitting the other one. 一辆车差点儿和另一辆相撞。

The boy narrowly escaped being drowned. 那个男孩差一点被淹死。

▲nearly adv. 几乎，差不多

The job's nearly finished. 这工作差不多完成了。 She nearly died. 她差点儿死了。

Nearly everybody enters for 'The Nicest Garden Competition' each year, but Joe wins every time.

几乎每个人都参加一年一度'最佳花园赛',但乔每次都夺魁。

I looked down and nearly fell off the ladder when I saw a policeman. 我朝下一望看到一个警察时，差上点从梯子上掉下来

▲rarely adv. 难得，很少

She is old and rarely goes out. 她年纪大了，很少外出。

He rarely comes here anymore. 现在他难得来这儿。

Big Ben has rarely gone wrong. `大本钟'很少出差错。

Peter is rarely / seldom late. 彼得不常迟到。;彼得很少迟到。

te adj. 准确的；精确的 accurately adv. accurateness n.

an accurate answer 准确的答案

Is this watch accurate? 这只表准吗?

【参考词汇】

accurate /correct /exact 均含“正确的”意思。

accurate 表示“准确的”,精确的”,指“通过努力， 使事情达到正确”, 指某人或某事不仅不出错，而且与事实无出入，强调准确性 如： She gave an accurate account of the accident. 她对事故做了准确的描述。

correct 为一般用语， 指“正确的”, 指某人或某事合乎事实或公认的标准或规则，没有错误

如： He gave correct answers to the questions. 他对这些问题提出了正确的答案。 correct vt. 改正；纠正 Please correct this mistake. 请改正这个错误。

exact 表示“确切的”,“精确无误的”,指“与事实完全相符”, 语气较accurate强，指某人或某事数量或质量完全符合事实或标准，而且在细致末节上也丝毫不差。如： His answer is quite exact. 他的回答完全正确。

The exact date of the event has escaped me. 我记不起这起事件的确切日期了。

proper含有生来就具备适宜性质的含义，还表示某物具有它应当具备的性质。如：do sth. the proper way

以适当的方式做某事

Appropriate“正确的；适当的”，指适合于特殊的人及场合，地位等。强调自然具备适宜的性质。如： an appropriate example 适当的例子

fit意为某人或某物在目的上用途上适合。如：Your clothes fit well. 你的衣服很合身。

The trousers don't fit him, they are too small. 这条裤子他穿不合身，太小了。

This coat's a beautiful fit to you. 这件外衣对你非常合身。He runs to keep fit. 他跑步为了保持健康。

suitable意味着适合某种情况。如：This toy is not suitable for young children. 这个玩具不适合小小孩玩。

This wine is not suitable to my taste. 这酒不合我的胃口。

e vt., vi. Approved—approving 批准；认可；通过 [反意词disapprove]

approve 属常用词， 表示“官方或正式批准”, 用于上级对下级， 长辈对晚辈， 如： My father approved my going to the border regions. 我父亲同意我去边区。

My parents don't approve of me smoking cigarettes. 我的父母不准许我吸烟。

The resolution was approved 82 to 16 with 18 abstentions. 决议以八十二票对十六票通过，十八票弃权。

The mayoress approved the new building plans. 女市长批准了新建筑计划。

（常与of连用）赞成，赞同 I don't approve of wasting time. 我不赞成浪费时间。

I don't approve of smoking. 我不赞成抽烟。

Her father will never approve of her marriage to you. 他父亲永远不会同意她和你结婚。