7．harm vt. & n．损害；危害

harmful adj.有害的

be harmful to＝do harm to

do sb. harm＝do harm to sb.对……有害

There is no harm in doing sth.

＝It does no harm (for sb.)to do sth.

做某事是个好主意(或没有坏处)。

[即学即练7](1)The dog seems fierce, but it won’t ______ anyone.这条狗看上去很凶，但它不会伤害任何人。

(2)Fruit juice can ______________________ children’s teeth.

果汁可能损坏儿童的牙齿。

(3)He may say no, but ___________________________ asking.他可能拒绝，但问一问也无妨。

harm  ,     be harmful to   ,     there is no harm in

8．die out 灭亡，逐渐消失

die out 绝种，灭绝；熄灭；(风俗、习惯等)逐渐消失

die off(家族、种族等)相继死亡；(草木)先后枯死

die away(声音、光线、风等)渐弱，渐息，平息

die down(火、光线、兴奋、暴风雨等)渐弱，渐息；(声音)

静下来

die of 指死于疾病、衰老、饥饿、悲伤等

die from 指由于外伤、外界原因、粗心、不注意、劳累过度等而死

[即学即练8](1) Scientists said that those plants ______ a century ago.

科学家们说那些植物一个世纪前就绝种了。

(2) Many old customs ___________________________.

许多古老的风俗正逐渐消失。

(3)If the snowstorm does not blow over, the cattle will ______________.

如果暴风雪不停息，牲畜就要死掉了。

(4)Open the air hole; the fire is ___________________.

把气孔打开，火要熄了。

died out  ,     are dying out  ,     die off  ,     dying down

(5)Every winter some old people _______________ hypothermia.

每年冬天都有一些老人死于体温过低。

(6)Nowadays many people ________________ cancer.

现在有很多人死于癌症。

die from   ,      die of

9．in danger (of...)处于危险之中

out of danger 脱离危险

[即学即练9](1)The drowned girl was obviously

_________________________.

很明显，那个溺水的女孩的生命危在旦夕。

(2)The old house is _________________ collapse.

那所老房子有倒塌的危险。

(3)They were told at the hospital that their grandmother was _________________.

他们在医院得知他们的祖母已经脱离危险了。

in immediate danger    ,      in danger of    ,      out of danger

拓展：与 in/out of 搭配的短语

in order 有秩序

in sight 看得见

in trouble 在困境中

in line 成行(队)

in place 适合/当

in fashion 时尚out of order出故障(机器等工作不正常)

out of sight 看不见

out of trouble 摆脱困境

out of line 不成一直线

out of place 不合适

out of fashion 过时

10．protect...from/against... 保护……免受……(的伤害)

defend...from/against...保卫……以抵制……

keep sb. from doing

stop sb. (from) doing

prevent sb. (from) doing阻止某人做

[即学即练10](1)Young plants should be well ______________ the cold.

幼苗必须被很好地保护以免受冻。

(2)The hen ___________ its young ___________ being attacked by the cat. 母鸡保卫小鸡使其免遭猫的袭击。

(3)Everyone should take up arms to __________ our country from invasion.

每个人都应当拿起武器保卫我们的国家不受侵犯。

(4)Nothing can ______ us ______ realizing our dreams.

什么也不能阻止我们实现梦想。

protected from   ,     protected   ,      against   ,      defend    ,      stop    ,     from

提示：(1)protect against 和 protect from 意思相似，有时可互换。但是，对于较大的事情，如：敌人的入侵、天灾等，常用 protect against, 对于较小的事情常用 protect from.

(2)在 protect...from/against... 结构中，from和 against 后面常跟 sth.，有时 against 后跟 being done 来强调动作的被动性。

(3)主动句中 prevent/stop...from...中的 from 可省略，在被动句中 from不可省略，而 keep...from...中的 from无论是在主动句还是被动句中都不能省略。

11．pay attention to 注意

Attention, please! 请注意！ (演讲用语)

(＝May I have your attention, please？)

attract/catch/draw/get one's attention to 吸引某人的注意

fix/focus/concentrate one's attention on 将注意力集中于

devote one's attention to 专心致志于

call one's attention to 唤起某人对……的注意

提示：以上短语中的 to、on都是介词，其后接名词、代词或动名词。

[即学即练11](1)She ______________________________ her appearance.

她很注重外表。

(2)A great deal of attention has been ______________ protecting the environment.

人们已对保护环境投入很多精力。

paid much attention to    ,        paid to

12．come into being 出现；形成；产生

bring...into being 使形成；使产生

for the time being 暂时；眼下

[即学即练12](1)We don't know when the universe ________________________.

我们不知道宇宙是何时形成的。

(2)Such a custom ______________________ long ago.

这种风俗很久以前就有了。

came into being    ,      came into being

提示：come into being是不及物动词短语，无被动形式，无进行时。类似短语有：come into power 当权

come into effect 生效

come into action 开始行动

come into office 就职

come into sight 看得见

come into use 开始使用