考生在翻译动宾短语的时候,应先考虑宾语的成分。宾语可能为名词、名词词组和句子。不同成分的宾语决定了谓语的使用。比如在以下例子中“希望”的选择面很大,既可以用hope连接句子,也可以用hope for,look forward to等连接名词词组,那么考生就得考虑宾语更容易翻译成词组或句子。因此,动宾连接原则的核心思想是“先宾语,后谓语”,翻译会豁然开朗。
中国人民始终希望天下太平,希望各国人民友好相处。
The Chinese people are always looking forward to global peace and friendship among all nations.
The Chinese people are always hoping that the world is at peace and people of all nations will coexist friendlily.
一、时态原则
时态在翻译中比不像想象中那么简单,往往是考试中的一个难点。时态有时可以体现一种感情因素,特别是进行时的使用,比如在第一个例子中现在进行时的使用体现出对中华民族的一种褒扬、赞美的口吻,翻译出了这句话的“精、气、神”,最后一个例子中过去进行时时常表示一种“特有的行为”,通常是偏向于negative的口吻,所以我们发现这句话十有八九是美国人自己写的。
中华民族历来爱好自由和和平。
The Chinese people have always been cherishing freedom and peace.
The Chinese people always cherish freedom and peace.
The Chinese people are always cherishing freedom and peace.
中国过去是、现在是、将来是……
China was and remains to be …
中国人民更深感自由与和平的珍贵。
The Chinese people have cherished freedom and peace than ever.
届时,……
At that time, ……
到2007年,上海市人均国内生产总值预计达到7500美元。
By 2007, the per capita GDP in Shanghai is expected to reach US$7500.
从而我们可能要生活在一个根本无法掌控的经济体制中。
As a result we were going to be living in a fundamentally unmanaged economic system.
毕竟中国、古巴等一些在人权委员会中受到以美国为首批评的国家,总是投票或游说反对美国政府。
After all, China and Cuba and other targets of U.S. –led criticism in the committee were always going to vote and lobby against Washington.
二、主语确定原则
由于英语是主语显著语(subject-prominent language),构建在主谓轴(subject-predicate pivot)上,主语决定了句法结构;汉语为语义性语言,其中主语的重要性相对较低,无主语的现象比比皆是。因此在汉英转化中最重要的就是确定主语,主语选择成功了,句子越翻越顺;选择失败,考生越翻越累。主语的确定归根结底有三种方法:使用原主语;重新确定主语;增补主语。
这一目标的实现,最直接的应该是老百姓住得更宽敞了,更舒服了。
The citizens will live more
spaciously and comfortably, benefiting most directly from achieving the goal.
然而,持自由论观点的民众和少数民族反对一切美国公民必须随身携带身份证的规定,他们结成联盟,推翻了立法的最初几次草案中关于实施全国统一身份证的主张。
The idea of a national ID, however, was locked out of earlier drafts of legislation by a coalition of civil rights and ethnic groups, who opposed a requirement that all non-citizens carry identifying documents.
其实,撇开数学,绕过那一大堆公式,一门学科的基本思想还是可以被我们理解和欣赏的。
To be frank, if we leave aside mathematics and bypass the abundant formulas, the basic principles of the discipline (of science) are understandable and appreciable.
无论是外人入境,或是文化入侵,政府都已无能为力。
They cannot control who crosses their borders either physically or culturally.
从地雷禁用条款到京都防止气候变暖条约等一些列问题,美国政府总是对国际舆论置若罔闻,使得这些(倒戈)国家越来越失望/懊恼。
They have been increasingly chagrined by Washington’s tendency to ignore the international
consensus on issues ranging from the use of land mines to the Kyoto climate change treaty.
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