难句解析

The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.
▲这个句子的主干是The fact answered the question。复杂之处在于主语fact跟了一个同位语从句,解释的是fact的内容,注意这个从句中and省略了与前面相同的主语谓语the apple fell;后面的宾语带了一个定语从句,这个从句的引导词that或者which省略了,about短语是对question的解释,those larger fruits of the heavens指的就是the moon and the planets
△找出这个句子的主干,再看主语和宾语的修饰性短语,再一个需要注意的是larger fruits of the heavens和后面the moon and the planets的复指关系。

In talking to scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific method" a substitute for imaginative thought.
▲这个句子的主干是you... gather the impression...,但是它的主要内容集中在impression后面的同位语从句中。在这个解释impression的从句中有一个动词结构find+n.+n.,意思是“觉得……是……”,在本句中是“觉得科学方法是一种替代品”,for后面的短语解释了是什么的替代品。句子开始的介词短语充当的是状语,表示的是这种形象形成的时刻。
△可以撇开前面的状语短语,只看主干,重要的是理解that从句中find后面跟两个名词的用法。

If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.
▲这个主从复合句中的前半部分是if引导的条件从句,这个从句中有一个as... as...的结构,比较施行中的和书面所说的试验的真实度(faithfully),注意后一个as后面跟的是一个句子,其中the report谓语是indicate;后半部分是主句,句中的it是形式主语,代替的是后面for... to...的结构,这是真正的主语。还需要注意的是results后面跟的形容词短语说明的是results的衡量方式。
△准确理解as... as...结构,弄清faithfully这个副词修饰的是动词planned and carried out,再就是主句中形式主语的用法,要找到作为真正主语的不定式短语。

It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.
▲这个简单句的主语用的是形式主语it,真正的主语是for后面的部分。believe后面跟的是一个that引导的宾语从句,主干是scientists... should not be distracted by...,其中的主语scientists跟了一个who引导的定语从句,这个定语从句的宾语分别是wherehow引导的两个从句。by后面名词跟了一个of前导的动名词短语,后面还有一个while引导的伴随状语,表示同时发生的动作。注意动词词组keep an eye on的用法。
△抓住believe后面宾语从句的意义,尤其是主语scientists的限定性从句以及by后面名词短语的修饰作用。

Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team."
▲首先注意这个句子是个倒装句,原因是否定词nor在句首,后面紧跟的是if引导的条件从句,注意其中有一个as... as...的用法,中间跟的是形容词desirable,比较的是科学家对regularity and conformity的希望和他们论文所反映的要求;这样的构成使得主句的主语和谓语is发生了倒装,介词for后面跟动名词短语的是blamed的理由,注意againstin favor of后面各跟了一种不同类型的researchers,最后需要注意的是thinkers后面跟的是who引导的定语从句,起修饰作用。
△理解主句的倒装结构是理解这句话的关键,在看这个句子的时候不要忽略了句首的nor,这个单词否定了整个主句。此句的主干是Nor is management to be blamed