SECTION 2: STUDY SKILLS (50 minutes)

Directions: In this section, you will read several passages. Each passage is followed by several questions based on its content. You are to choose ONE best answer, (A), (B), (C), or (D), to each question.  Answer  all  the  questions  following  each  passage  on  the  basis  of  what  is  stated  or implied in that passage and write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANWER BOOKLET. //tr.hjenglish.com

Questions 1～5
         Many researchers believe that apes can communicate with human beings Investigations made at  several laboratories in the United States and elsewhere indicate that  chimpanzees and gorillas are capable of understanding language and using linguistic responses at the level  of a four-year-old child. Washoe, an adult chimpanzee who was raised as if she were a deaf child, can translate words she hears into American  Sign Language. Koko's 400-pound lowland gorilla, is claimed to have understood a poem written about her. Tests of  Koko's auditory comprehension show that she is able to make discriminations between such words as “funny”, ”money”and “bunny. ”

      The  scientists  at  the  forefront  of  this  research  admit  that  their  work  has  been  severely criticized. The skeptics in general claim that apes' language behavior is merely imitative. For this behavior  to be  called “language”,  it  must  also be  communicative.  The  proponents  of  ape language counter that those who deny the validity of this research have never worked with apes. They point  out  that  new   fields  of investigation always create controversy. They   add  that subhuman  primates  have not  been  taught  to  speak,  however, because the  outer  layer  of their brain hemispheres is not sufficiently refined.

1.According to the passage, ape language researchers say that apes can____________.
   A. talk to human beings                     B. think creatively //tr.hjenglish.com
   C. write about themselves                  D. understand some spoken words
2. According to the passage, ape human communication is___________.
   A. observed readily by most scientists
   B. rejected by all researchers
   C. tracted skeptically by some scientists
   D. not questioned by linguists
3. In paragraph 2, the word “proponents”refers to_______________.
   A. people who believe that apes communicate
   B. skeptics who have criticized the research
   C. designers that indicate auditory discrimination
   D. researchers that have learned to communicate with apes
4. It may be inferred from the passage that________________.
   A. only gorillas and chimpanzees are primates
   B. only human beings are primates
   C. all animals except apes are primates //tr.hjenglish.com
   D. both humans and apes are primates
5. Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?
   A. Research into apes' imitative behavior
   B. Studies of language abilities of humans
   C. Communicative behavior of subhuman primates
   D. Uses of American Sign Language in research

Questions 6～10
        Psychologists have found that privately made confidential resolutions are rarely followed, whereas a public commitment to achieve some goal, such as losing weight or giving up smoking, is likely to be much more effective. This is because the approval of others for doing something desirable is valued. In contrast, disapproval for failure can lead to feelings of shame.

        Advertising agencies have designed studies bearing out the truth of this observation. In this  research,  a  group  of  strangers  was  bombarded  with  information  about  the  qualities  of  a particular product. They were then asked to either  announce out  loud  or  write down privately whether  they   intended  to  buy  the  product.  It  was  later  discovered  that  those  who  publicly declared their intention to buy were considerably more likely to do so than those who affirmed their intentions in private.

        In another study,  an experimenter claiming to represent a local utility company interviewed house owners telling them he was investigating ways in which energy consumption could be reduced. Half the subjects, randomly selected, were told that if they agreed to conserve energy  their  names  would  be  mentioned  in  an  article  published  in  the  local  newspaper;  the remaining  half  were  told  their   names  would  not  be  used.  All  those interviewed  agreed  to cooperate and signed a form either giving consent for their names to be used or stating that their names would not be used. Later  in the year, the amount  of  gas consumed  in  each house was recorded. The owners who had agreed to their names being published had used significantly less gas than those who remained anonymous. //tr.hjenglish.com

6.  It can  be  inferred  that  all of  the following help motivate a person to achieve a goal EXCEPT__________.
   A. a desire for approval                 B. a fear of disapproval
   C. a fear of failure                          D. a sense of noncommitment
7. Why were advertising agencies interested in conducting their study?
   A. They wanted to introduce a new way of promoting products.
   B. They wanted to demonstrate the quality of their products.
   C. They wanted to know if people intended to purchase their products.
   D. They wanted to find the best way to get people to buy their products.
8.   According to the passage, the anonymous subjects in the energy-consumption experiment______
   A. didn't cooperate                                 B. didn't sign a form
   C. didn't want their names published        D. didn't use significantly less gas
9. How did the experimenter find out the amount of gas the subjects used? //tr.hjenglish.com
   A. By recording the amount of gas used
   B. By stating the amount of gas in the contract
   C. By publishing the amount of gas consumed in each house
   D. By giving people a limited amount of gas to use
10. This passage supports which of the following conclusions?
   A. Commitments made in private are more likely to fail.
   B. Disapproval for failure makes people less willing to make published in newspapers. 
   C. Intentions affirmed in private are more effective than those published in newspapers.
   D. Well-informed people are more likely to publicly declare their intentions.

Question 11～15 //tr.hjenglish.com
      Air hostesses are always trim, efficient and as spick-and-span as any ship. In fact, if you put them in the water a lot of them look as if they could make a pretty good bow wave. Air hostesses in  the  more  democratic airlines are called  air  stewardesses, presumably  because the  stewards would dislike being called “air hosts”. By whatever  title they are known, the air hostesses are noted for charm, tact, poise, equilibrium and ability to deal with other people s babies. In fact, it can be said with truth that the male passenger prefers to see her there standing on the steps to say “Welcome Aboard!”

      There is, of course, a reason for this. Masculine conceit being what it is, there is always a secret hope that his out-standing charm and superlative qualities may receive instant recognition from this charming girl. His hope is encouraged by the smile he gets. What a smile is that of the air hostess! It is only when he observes it repeated, to exactly the same measurements, to every other  passenger  in the plane that  he realizes the  smile  is part  of an  air  hostess's professional equipment, like a first-aid box. 

      The average life of air hostess is approximately eighteen months. Do not be disturbed by this statement. It is merely her professional “life” before she gets sick of the whims and fads of passengers, also the strain of keeping that smile on her face. She then marries one of the air crew, because nothing could be worse than the life she is leading.

      When  you  consider  that  an  air  hostess's job  consists  of putting passenger's  swollen  feet above their heads, treating nausea, calming neurosis, and placing thousands of stuffed eggs in from of people who do not wish to eat them there seem to be good reasons for her decision.

      There are not many romances between passengers and air hostesses. This is partly due to lack of privacy and partly to the infernal noise the engines make. If bent on asking an air hostess to meet him at a certain coffee bar when they reach the other end, this is what a passenger has to expect:

AIR   HOSTESS:   More…rumble, rumble, wah-wah or would you …chug-a, chug-a … coff …de-bump.

PASSENGER: I say … bump-thump …you … ar-ra-a ra-a ra …at …brr-brr-brr?

AIR HOSTESS: ha-ra-har-ra-chung-achug. //tr.hjenglish.com

(With the same bright smile she goes off to change a diaper.)
      This sort of approach is so discouraging that the field is left wide open for the air crew to carry on a rapturous, idyllic courtship at night and other halts.

11.  According to the passage,air hostesses in some airlines are called air stewardesses because_______.
   A. these airlines are run by democratic governments
   B. they are sometimes confused with servants on a ship
   C. the terms are accepted by men and women alike                   
   D. the latter is more charming than the former
12. It can be concluded from the passage that when a male passenger sees an air hostess smiling to every other passenger in the plane he is most likely to be _______.
   A. encouraged                                          B. disappointed
   C. conceited                                             s
13. The writer considers an air hostess sjob to be ___________.
   A. pleasant and exciting                                   B. professional and well-paid
   C. monotonous and boring                               D. adventurous and romantic
14. Which of the following may partly account for the lack of romances between passengers and air hostesses?
   A. The airhostess's short-lived professional life.
   B. The rapturous courtship of the flight engineer.
   C. The terrible noise made by the plane engines.
   D. The superlative quality of the passenger.
15.Which of the following is the best title for this article?
   A. The Male Passenger's Preference.
   B. The Romance on the Aeroplane.
   C. The Airhostess in Theory and Practice.
   D. The Air Crew Who Are in Love.

Question 16～20
         The use of multiple-choice testing in American society has its beginnings in the idea of a meritocracy, that is, a society where the rulers of elites are chosen not through their wealth or connections  but  on  their  ability  or  merit.This idea can be traced as for back as the ancient Greeks. Even the an-cient Chinese created examinations for the purpose of electing government officials. The notion of a society based on merit has always been favored in the United States. This has also been a country  where  the  belief  in  universal  individual  opportunity  has  been greatly admired.

         Until the Second World War, however, elite selection through higher education, and the opportunity for  ordinary citizens to achieve their  goals were separate and unrelated ideas. The introduction of widespread testing which was both reliable and valid meant that both these goals could be pursued together. This opportunity occurred when the United States entered the Second World War. The U.S. Navy  decided to test  new recruits  in  order  to find which  of them  were suitable for college education before beginning military service. The eventual aim was for these recruits to be better able to perform higher-level military tasks.

         Because of the large number of people who had to be tested, it was necessary to use a test which could be quickly and reliably administered and scored at several test sites simultaneously. On April 2, 1943, the first mass testing was administered to 325,000 young men. The success of the program meant that educational testing could be performed not just for elite selection but to give opportunity to the large mass of ordinary citizens. 

16.What is the main topic of the passage?
   A. The idea of a meritocracy.
   B. The development of multiple-choice testing.
   C. The opportunities for the ordinary citizen.
   D. The United States's contribution to the war effort.
17. The word “traced”in line 4 is closest in meaning to________.
   A. transposed                                B. followed
   C. simplified                                   D. condemned
18.Why does the author mention the Greeks and the Chinese?
   A. To demonstrate how well-educated ancient people were.
   B. To indicate that multiple-choice testing is not new.
   C. To show that selection based on merit is not a new idea.
   D. To give examples of societies governed by the wealthy.
19.According to the passage, before World War Ⅱ_____________.
   A. educational testing was widespread
   B. the military elites were better educated
   C. the opportunity for individuals had been increased
   D. elite selection and individual opportunity were unconnected
20. What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraphs following the passage?
   A. Other goals of the U.S. Navy.
   B. The advances in educational testing.
   C. New test sites which became available.
   D. The development of tests for ordinary citizens.

Questions 21～25
      Experiments  have  shown  that  in  selecting  personnel  for a job, interviewing is at best  a hindrance,   and may even cause  harm. These studies  have disclosed that judgments of interviewers differ markedly and bear little or no relationship to the adequacy of j ob applicants. Of the many reasons why this should be the case, three in particular stand out. The first reason is related to an error ofjudgment known as the halo effect. If a person has one noticeable good trait, their other characteristics will be judged as better than they really are. Thus, an individual who dresses  smartly  and  shows  self  confidence is  likely to be judged  capable  of doing a job  well regardless of his or her real ability.

      Interviewers are also prejudiced by an effect  called the primacy effect. This error occurs when interpretation of later information is distorted by earlier connected information. Hence, in an interview situation, the interviewer spends most of  the  interview trying to confirm  the impression given by the candidate in the first few moments.Studies have repeatedly demonstrated that such an impression is unrelated to the aptitude of the applicant.

      The phenomenon known as the contrast effect also skews the judgment of interviewers. A suitable candidate may be underestimated because he or she contrasts with a previous one who appears exceptionally intelligent. Likewise, an average candidate who is preceded by one who gives a weak showing may bejudged as more suitable than he or she really is.

     Since interviews as a form of personnel selection have been shown to be inadequate, other selection procedures have been devised which more accurately predict candidate suitability. Of the various tests devised, the predictor which appears to do this most successfully is cognitive ability as measured by a variety of verbal and spatial tests.

21. The word “hindrance”in line 2 is closest in meaning to____________.
   A. encouragement                      B. assistance
   C. procedure                              D. interference
22. According to the passage, the halo effect________________.
   A. stands out as the worst judgmental error
   B. works only when a candidate is well dressed and self confident
   C. exemplifies how one good characteristic colors perceptions
   D. helps the interviewer's capability tojudge real ability
23. According to the passage, the impression given in the first few moments______________.
   A. can easily be altered
   B. is the one that stays with the interviewer
   C. is unrelated to the interviewer's prejudices
   D. has never been reinforced throughout the interview
24. The author mentions all of the following reasons why interviewing is not an accurate way to predict candidate suitability EXCEPT_____________.
    A. the halo effect                        B. the primacy effect 
    C. the contrast effect                  D. thecognitive effect
25. This passage mainly discusses_______________.
   A. the effects of interviewing onjob applicants
   B. the inadequacy of interviewing job applicants
   C. thejudgments of interviewers concerning job applicants
   D. the tactics and techniques for judging job applicants

Questions 26～30
        It was  once  believed  that  being   overweight   was  healthy,  but  nowadays    few  people subscribe to this viewpoint. While many people are fighting the battle to reduce weight, studies are being  conducted  concerning  the  appetite  and  how  it  is  controlled by  both  emotional  and biochemical factors. Some of the conclusions of these studies may give insights into how to deal with weight problems. For example, when several hundred people were asked about their eating habits in times of stress, 44 percent  said they reacted to  stressful  situations by  eating. Further investigations with both humans and animals indicated that it is not food which relieves tension but rather the act of chewing.

        A test in which subjects were blindfolded showed that obese people have a keener sense of taste and crave more flavorful food than nonobese people. When deprived of the variety and intensity of tastes, obese people are not satisfied and consequently eat more to fulfill this need. Blood   samples   taken   form  people   after they   were  shown a picture of food  revealed  that overweight people reacted with an increase in blood insulin, a chemical associated with appetite. This did not happen with average-weight people.

        In  another  experiment, results  showed that  certain  people have a  specific, biologically induced hunger for carbohydrates. Eating carbohydrates raises the level of serotonin(血清素), a neurotransmitter  in the brain. Enough  serotonin  produces a  sense  of  satiation. and hunger  for carbody drates subsides.

        Exercise has been recommended as an important part of a weight-loss program. However, it has been found that mild exercise, such as using stairs instead of the elevator, is better in the long run than taking on a strenuous program, such as jogging, which many people find difficult to continue over periods of time and which also increases appetite.

26. The word“crave”in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to____________.
   A. devour                                          B. absorb
   C. season                                          D. desire
27. The passage supports which of the following conclusions?
   A. Thin people don't enjoy food.
   B. Heavy people are more satisfied with the variety of foods and strong flavors.
   C. Overweight people have an abnormal sense of taste.
   D. Deprivation of food makes people fat.
28. Which of the following is true about serotonin?
   A. It is a chemical which increases appetite.
   B. Only certain people produce it in their brains.
   C. It tells the brain when a person is full.
   D. It adds nutrition to the brain.
29. Which of the following exercises might be best for an overweight person to engage in daily?
   A. Walking                                   B. Jogging
   C. Running                                   D. Cycling
30. What is the main purpose of the passage?
   A. To discuss the health problems caused by being overweight.
   B. To recommend a weight loss program for the obese.
   C. To help overweight people overcome their eating problems.
   D. To present research findings about obese.