第二篇    Nonverbal Thinking in Engineering
　 　Many objects in daily use have clearly been influenced by science．However,their form and tunctlon，their dimensions and appearance，were determined by technologists．designers．
　　inventors， and engineers using nonscientific modes of thought．Many features and qualities of the objects that a technologist thinks about cannot be reduced to clear verbal descriptions；they are dealt with in the mind by a visual，nonverbal process．Pyramids，cathedrals，and rockets exist not
　　because of geometry or thermo-dynamics(热动力学)，but because they were first the picture in the minds of those who built them．
　 　The creative shaping process of a technologist's mind can be seen in nearly every artifact (人工制品) that exists．For example，in designing a diesel engine ，a technologist might express individual(个人的)ways of nonoerbal，thinking on the machine by continually using an intuitive (直觉的)sense of rightness and fitness．What would be the shape of the combustion chamber (燃烧室)?Where should the valves(阀)be placed?Such questions have a range of answers that are supplied by experience，by physical requirement，by limitations of available space．and not in the least by a sense of form．Some decisions，such as wall thickness and pin diameter,may depend on scientific calculations，but the nonscientific component design remains primary．
　　Design courses，then，should be an essential element of engineering curricula．Nonverbal thinking，a central mechanism in engineering design，involves perceptions，which is the special
　　techmque of the artist，not the scientist．Because perceptive processes are not assumed to need"hard thinking"，nonverbal thought is sometimes seen as a primitive stage in the development of cognitive processes and inferior to verbal mathematical thought．
　　If courses in design，which in a strongly analytical(分析的)engineering curriculum provide the background required for practical problem-solving，are not provided，we can expect to
　　encounter silly but costly errors occurring in advanced engineering systems．For example．early modes of high-speed railroad cars loaded with high-tech controls were unable to operate in a snowstorm because the fan sucked snow into the electrical system．Random failures that bring automatic control systems into trouble are a reflection of the chaos that results when design is assumed to be primarily a problem in mathematics.
　　36 The passage is mainly concemed with
　　A the modes of thinking that are used by technologists．
　　B the importance of nonverbal thinking in engineering design．
　　C the new role for nonscientific thinking in engineering．
　　D the difference between the goals of engineers and those of technologists．
　　37 Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example involving nonverbal thinking in paragraphs 1 and 2?
　　A  Building cathedrals．
　　B  Creating rockets．
　　C  Designing diesel engines．
　　D  Making boats．
　　38 The example of the diesel engine is used in the passage to illustrate that
　　A errors in engineering design are unavoidable．
　　B the nonscientific component design is primary．
　　C  mathematics is a necessary part of the study of design．
　　D design courses form a part of engineering curricula．
　　39 It can be inferred that the writer thinks that engineering curricula are
　　A strengthened when they include courses in design．
　　B weakened by the courses designed to develop mathematical skills．
　　C  weak because they include some nonscientific components．
　　D strong despite the absence of nonscientific modes of thinking?
　　40 What contributes to random failures in automatic control systems?
　　A  Using too many inexperienced engineers in the field．
　　B  Attaching too much importance to nonverbal thinking in engineering.
　　C  Relying too heavily on the role of mathematics in design．
　　D  Depending very little on verbal mathematical thought.
　　第三篇      Black Hoies
　 　What is a black hole?Well，it's difficult to answer this question，since the terms we normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here．Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space(not a thing)into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape-not even light．So we can't see a black hole．A black hole exerts(施加)a strong gravitational(重力的)pull and yet it has no matter．It is only space-or so we think. How can this happen?
　　The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point；they"collapse"and sometimes a supernova(超新星)occurs．The collapse of a star may produce a
　　"White Dwarf (白矮星)"of a"neutron star"一a star whose matter is so dense that lt continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity．But if the star is very large this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results．Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble，but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull，and you have some idea of the force of a black hole．Any matter near the black hole is sucked in．It is impossible to say what happens inside a black hole．
　　Our space and time laws don't seem to apply to objects in the area of a black hole.Einstein's relativity theory is the only one that can explain such phenomena．Einstein claimed that matter
　　and energy are interchangeable．so that there is no"absolute"time and space. There are no constants at all, and measurements  of time and space depend on the position of the observer-they are relative．Einstein's theory provided a basis for the idea of black holes before astronomers started to find some evidence for their existence．It is only recently that astronomers have begun
　　specific research into black holes．
　　The most convincing evidence of black holes comes from research into binary(由两部分组成的) star systems．In some binary star systems，astronomers have shown that there is an
　　invisible companion star,a"partner"to the one which we can see in the sky．There is one star,called by its catalogue number HDE 226868．which must have a partner．This partner star,it seems．has a mass ten or twenty times greater than the sun-yet we can't see it．Matter from HDE 226868 is being dragged towards this companion star．Could this invisible star,which exerts such a great force，be a black hole?Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too，which might have black holes as companions．
　　4l Which of the following does NOT fit the definition of the black hole?
　　A The black hole is a region of space．
　　B The black hole sucks in any object that passes by it．
　　C  The black hole is visible through an infrared telescope．
　　D  The black hole has no matter．
　　42 Why does the author put"neutron star"in quotation marks?
　　A  It is a special term of astronomy．
　　B  It is an inventedterm．
　　C  He is quoting an authority．
　　D  He is using the term ironically．
　　43  What leads to the formation of a black hole?
　　A The structure of a star．
　　B A collision between two stars．
　　C The attraction of two large stars．
　　D The shrinking of a large star by its own gravitational force.
　　44 According to Einstein's theory,objects in the area of a black hole
　　A  are gathered in its center．
B  strike against one another frequently．
　　C  do not have absolute space．
　　D  are relatively brighter．
　　45 We learn from this passage that
　　A the sun is the heaviest star in the universe．
　　B  a star in the sky might have an invisible partner．
　　C  two black holes are dragged towards each other．
　　D  the mass of a star is equal to that of its companion.
　　第5部分：补全短文  (第46～50题，每题2分，共10分)-
　　阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。请将答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
　　How to Do Well in Exams
　 　Do not underestimate(低估)the power of revision in the days and hours before an examination．The closer you are to the exam，the more chance you have of storing and retaining crucial information．But do not overdo it．      (46)An effective daily routine can help you through an exam period，so in the days leading up to your first exam，get into the habit of being up and ready to work by game．It can be a shock to the system after months of working to your own timetable to be mentally alert at that time if you have not prepared for it．
　　On the day of the exam,have a good breakfast，pack two of everything you need (pens，pencils，erasers，etc．)，then make your way to the examination hall in good time．         (47)
　　Once in your seat．simply pause for a few seconds and collect your thoughts．Close your eyes and take in a few slow,deep breaths to help you relax．When you turn over the test paper,
　 　spend a short period reading through all the instructions and questxons，paying particular attention to key verbs such as"discuss"，"compare"and"evaluate"．       (48)It is always wise to allow 10 minutes at the end of the exam to give yourself time to go back over your answers. Once you have selected the questions you wish to tackle，begin by attempting the one you think is your strongest．It will give you more confidence when you see a well-answered question down on paper Also remember to write clearly,and do not be afraid to express the unexpected：alter all，examiners call get very bored marking stereotypical(千篇一律的)answers．
　　(49)If you do need something else to focus on to help you collect your thoughts，choose a fixture(固定设施)in the room，Such as the ceiling-or anything else that will not allow you to be distracted．
　　Finally，once you have finished，never hang around outside afterwards to attend the discussion by other students．     (50)
　　A  Do not arrive too early,though，as other people's anxiety can be contagious(传染性的),and you may suffer from undue panic．
　　B Try not to be tempted to look at those around you，or at the clock.
　　C When you get home．read the examination paper through and look up all the words you didn't understand．
　　D Sleep，exercise and relaxation are all just as important.
　　E Map out a quick plan of points you wish to make and how much time you should spend on each question．
　　F  Go and have。a well．earned rest-then prepare for your next exam．
　　第6部分：完形填空  (第51~65题，每题1分，共15分)
　　阅读下面的短文，文中有15处空白，每处空白给出4个选项，请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案，涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
　　Stinking(发臭的)Buses
　 　Stinking buses jam(挤满)the crowded street．Drivers    (51)at one another and honk(鸣喇叭)their horns．Smog(烟雾)hurts the eyes and chokes(窒息)the senses．The     (52)is Athens at rush houn The city is in a sorry state of affairs，built     (53)a plan，lacking even adequate sewerage facilities(排水设施)，its 135 square miles packed with 3.7 million people．
　 　So great has been the population flow toward the city that neighboring villages smnd      (54)or nearly so．About 120，000 people from distant provinces move to Athens every year. The migrants come for the few available       (55)which are usually no better than the ones they ran away from．At the current        (56) of migration，Athens by the year 2000 will have a population of 6.5 million，more than half the nation.
　 　Aside from overcrowding and poor public transport，the biggest     (57)facing Athenians are noise and pollution．A government study      (58)that Athens was the noisiest city in the world．Smog is almost at killing levels：up to four times the level that the world Health organization．considers safe．Nearly half the pollution comes from cars．       (59)high prices for vehicles and fuel，nearly 100，000 automobiles are sold in
　　Greece each year：3,000 drivers'licenses are After decades of neglect，Athens is at      (60)in Athens monthly .     (61)getting some attention．In March a government meeting was held to discuss a plan to make the city      (62)and clean up its environment．A save-Athens ministry will propose heavy taxes to        (63) immigration and a minimum of$5 billion in public spending for Athens alone．A master plan that will move many govemment offices to the city's Meanwhile，more Greeks        (64)is already in the works      (65)moving into Athens．With few parks and few oxygen-producing plants，the city and its citizens are literally suffocating(窒息)．
　　51 A shout     B  cry     C curse    D  attack
　　52 A camera    B  scene     C scenenr    D  site
　　53 A with     B without     C for    D  on
　　54 A vacant    B  crowded     C lonely     D  alone
　　55 A works    B qualifications     C titles     D  jobs
　　56 A way    B  method        C rate       D  space
　　57 A matter    B  aim     C problem        D  objoct
　　58 A concluded  B  reached   C received    D  conducted
　　59 A Despite  B Considering  C Thanks for  D Prevented by
　　60 A Published    B  spread     C cancelled   D  issued
　　61 A last    B least     C end      D  final    D  final
　　62 A livable    B  alive     C alike     D living
　　63 A discourage  B  encourage   C remove   D  decline
　　64 A countryside    B district     C center    D  suburbs
　　65 A hold    B  fix   C keep    D retain