SECTLON 2: READLNG TEST (30 minutes)

Directions:  In  this  section  you  will  read  several  passage.  Each   one  is  followed  by  several questions about it. You are to choose ONE best answer, (A), (B), (C) or  (D), to each question, Answer all the questions following each passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage and write the letter  of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.

Questions 1～5 //tr.hjenglish.com
      Helen Beasley says she did not set out to become a surrogate mother. The 26-year-old legal secretary from Shrewsbury, England, a single mom with a 9-year  old son, was thinking more about becoming a paid egg donor. When she bought her first computer and did some research on the Internet, the tales of childless couples she came across broke her heart, she says, and made her think of going one step further, as some 20, 000 surrogate moms do each year in the U.S. "The more I thought about it, "she says, "the more I thought of happy endings."

      Six-and-a-half months after her first surrogate pregnancy began, as twin babies kick inside her, Beasley could not be much farther from a happy ending. She s mired in a bitter legal battle with Charles Wheeler and Martha Berman, the San Francisco attorneys who found her classified ad on the Internet and flew her over last March for a trip to a fertility clinic. Pregnant with one more baby than Wheeler and Berman wanted, Beasley says, she has received only  1, 000 of the 20, 000 they originally agreed to pay her. The fate of the twins she s carrying but does not want or have legal rights to will be decided by a California court, in one of the most bizarre surrogacy cases yet. //tr.hjenglish.com

      Beasley  acknowledges the Wheeler  and Berman, who have refused to talk to the media, made it clear in their  discussions that they wanted just one child. What s more, notes Stanford law  professor  Deborah  Rhode,  "theirs  was  a  very  extensive  contract.  There  were  50 clause providing for  every contingency, "including the case of a multiple pregnancy, a real possibility given that three donor  eggs fertilized by Wheeler's sperm were implanted in Beasley s womb. The contract required Beasley to honor the couple s decision about whether to have a selective reduction, the termination of one or more fetuses in a multiple pregnancy. Still, Beasley says, "I didn t realize they would go so ballistic" over the idea of twins. 

      Beasley claims she would have gone through with the selective reduction has Wheeler and Berman made the arrangements early in the pregnancy. But, as she tells it, there was a lengthy e-mail  row  between  the two  sides  after  Beasley  returned to England: it  was  a  petty affair  in which each accused the other of going on vacation without warning, but it took weeks to mediate. By the time Wheeler and Berman booked Beasley s flight to California for the reduction, it was week 13 of her pregnancy, she says. 

      At that stage, Beasley felt that terminating a fetus was wrong. Plus, the late date increased the risk that both fetuses would be lost in the procedure. Her high blood pressure was already complicating the pregnancy. Beasley claims that Wheeler and Berman s lawyer, who declined to comment, presented her with two options: to terminate one fetus as requested or terminate both and still get paid. 

      Unwilling to do either, Beasley tried to compromise option of seeking other potential parent. She says both sides offered candidates but fought  over what-if anything-the newcomers would pay Wheeler  and Berman for their in-vitro fertilization and donor-egg expenses. In Britain the matter  would have been  simpler. There,  surrogate mothers have  full  legal rights to the babies they bear for at least the first six weeks. But since the contract was signed in California, Beasley, now living in San Diego, supported by her lawyer there, is suing to sever the couple s rights over the children and claim unspecified damages. By last Thursday the blood was so bad that Berman had the man who came to serve her with papers thrown out of her office building. 

      This very pubic debacle has surrogacy supporters pretty steamed too. "The only victims I see in this case are those babies and surrogate parenting itself, "says Shirley Zager, director  of the  Illinois-based   Organization of  Parents  Through  Surrogacy, herself  a  surrogate  mother. According to law professor Rhode, changes of heart happen in only 4 out of every  10, 000 legal surrogate arrangements; however, such cases usually involve the surrogate mom wanting to keep her offspring after they re born, And even though they have been through a lot together, Beasley has no  such  plans  for  the twins.  "Financially, emotionally, I  don t  have the means,  "she  says. Their happy ending will have to wait.

1.According to the passages, Helen Beasley became a surrogate mother mainly because______.
   (A) she wanted to have a daughter of her own
   (B) she liked to be a voluntary egg donor
   (C) she had much sympathy for those childless families
   (D) she needed the money from surrogate parenting //tr.hjenglish.com
2.  The  word   "row"  in  the  sentence "there  was a lengthy e mail  row  between the  two sides"(Para. 4) can be replaced by ________.
   (A) negotiation                                   (B) argument
   (C) communication                             (D) dialogue //tr.hjenglish.com
3.  It can  be  found  from the  passages  that  the contract  between  Beasley  and  Wheeler and Berman_____.
   (A) was unfair to the surrogate mother
   (B) was quite comprehensive and accepted by both parties
   (C) did not include clauses related to multiple pregnancy
   (D) specified the reduction of payment in case of multiple pregnancy
4.  According  to  the  passage,  Beasley  refused  to  terminate  one  of  the  fetuses  out  of  all the following reasons EXCEPT that____.
   (A) her high blood pressure would lead to danger in operation
   (B) both of the twin fetuses would face the risk of being lost
   (C) the termination would be too late after week 13 of her pregnancy
   (D) the decision to reduce fetuses was cruel and unethical
5. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
   (A) Beasley is going to keep the twins herself.
   (B) Both sides are seeking potential parents.
   (C) The laws concerning surrogate mothering are different in the two countries.
   (D) The case is quite unusual compared with most other surrogate cases. 

Questions 6～10 //tr.hjenglish.com
      Disaster crushes one man now, afterward others-Euripidies  If there are any bystanders left  in the world-people on the sidelines, unaffected by maj or events of  war,  terrorism, global capitalism  and technological change-they  are very few. Inhabitants of remote Pacific islands or the forests of the Amazon might merit the description if they were not directly affected by environmental prbolems and the encroachment of commercial hunger for raw materials. Similarly, countries which claim neutrality are not really nono one s side, they are on everyone s side-as revealed by the fact that escaped allied prisoners could find safety in Switzerland during the war against Nazism, while at the same time their pursuers could equally safely bank their money there. 

      But it is otherwise impossible  for  anyone now to  stand aside  from world affairs. It  is an illusion to think that one can avoid the line of fire, or claim exemption from the effect of forces that  smash and grind against  each  other  internationally. Civilian populations are now  frontline troops; they  became  so  in  the  20th  century s wars,  shuttering bombing  and  deprivation, their mobilization  in  those  immense  struggles  making  them  a  target  even  in  their  homes, the aim being as much to unnerve as to kill them for a demoralized enemy is as good as a defeated one. //tr.hjenglish.com

      Terrorism has exactly the aim, as its name implies, of frightening civilian populations into forcing their  governments to  concede. It  takes  only  a  few  determined people to  achieve this, applying  the  lesson-learned  from  the     Spartans  at  Thermopile  via  the  Russian  bands which harassed   Napoleons  retreating  Grand  Armee, to the resistance  fighters  and insurgents everywhere  in  the  modern  world-that  small  forces  can  defeat  big  ones; in  the case of whole populations, by means of psychological war. 

      Thus a well-directed  terrorist  attack  is destructive far beyond its primary site; it can paralyze communications, clog the wheels of ordinary life, panic millions, wipe value off stock exchanges, destroy industries and thereby livelihoods-all as a function of purely psychological aftershock, whose effectiveness lies in its reaching further outward in space and time, radiating outwards from the original focus, in some respects intensifying in the process. //tr.hjenglish.com

      Saying that there are no bystanders any more means that  everyone is in involved in everything. Even inaction is action; if you see someone injured and do nothing to help, you have acted  negatively.  There  is  a  choice  about  one's  manner of  involvement;  as  witness,  victim,fighter-for peace, and common sense; or as the kind who does physical battle, which is justified when it opposes greater evils-or as helper of the victims, since the only certainty is that there will always  be   victims. Running  away  does  no  good,  especially psychological  and intellectual running away.

      This does not just  mean  refusal  to  face the  fact  that  we  all  now  live  in  some  degree  of physical danger, even in our  ordinary lives in otherwise peaceful circumstances. It  also means refusal to recognize, think through and try to deal with the sources of that danger-the sources of resentment, suspicion, hatred and finally conflict within and between peoples. Among the main sources   are  these, and  they   are  linked:  disparities  in wealth   and power,  and  fundamental differences of culture, especially religious and moral culture. The link lies in the way wealth and power  can,  even  if  unintentionally,  make those  in  poverty  and  weakness feel  humiliated and therefore-in respect  of their religious and moral culture-insulted. These inflame more concrete causes of opposition, such as exist in the Middle East, the Balkans and Ireland for more recent historical reasons. The mixture is always volatile, and the cants of nationalism, of the sacred or (worst of all) both are ever handy for whipping a dangerous minority into violent anger. The rest is tragedy.

      This analysis implies the remedy, infinitely easier to state than to effect. It is to make the world fairer, and to liberate it from the distorting influence of antiquated beliefs-at the very least , by removing them  from the public  arena, allowing everyone there to be an  individual human being rather than a label, and inviting our respect accordingly.

6. In front of terrorism, according to the author, _______.
   (A) most of civilian populations are bystanders
   (B) no one can be a bystander today
   (C) there are still some bystanders in the world
   (D) a bystander is sure to be on the side of terrorists
7. Which of the following is closest  in meaning to the sentence "Civilian populations are now
   frontline troops." (Para. 2)?
   (A) Civilians are recruited into the army to fight terrorism.
   (B) Civilians are mobilized to avoid terrorist attacks.
   (C) Civilians become the direct victims of terrorist attacks.
   (D) Civilians turn out to be losers in the psychological war.
8. With the statement "Even inaction is action" , the author implies all of the following EXCEPT
   that ______.
   (A) you can only act either positively or negatively
   (B) you can no longer remain neutral
   (C) you can not but avoid involvement in one way or the other
   (D) you can only choose the manner of involvement
9. According to the author, the only way to get rid of terrorism is _____.
   (A) to eliminate all the terrorists
   (B) to change the attitude of bystanders
   (C) to destroy the links between wealth and power
   (D) to create a society with justice and equality
10. It can be concluded from the passage that _____.
   (A) the sources of terrorism are varied and complicated
   (B) terrorism originated in the    Middle East
   (C) terrorism has only had a short history
   (D) the solution to terrorism is liberation from nationalism

Questions 11～15 //tr.hjenglish.com
      One  of  the  biggest  surprises  of  my  life  in  America  is  the New  York  City  subway.  I ve actually  come to enj oy it. When  I  first  moved here in  1989, well-meaning friends warned me away from the already octogenarian underground railroad, notorious among both residents and visitors as the last pleasant  and most  dangerous means of getting around this City That Never Sleeps.  Yet  is  was  also  the  fastest  and  the  most  economical  means  of  doing  so.  With  that dilemma, I began my life as a New Yorker-and I ve remained ambivalent ever since. The subway is the thing we love to hate. Schedules are unreliable. Trains come when they come, or not at all .

       Breakdowns are so frequent that women have been known to give birth, stuck in some tunnel, Staff are few and their  announcements  incomprehensible. The infrastructure  is  ancient    and crumbling. From time to time, burst  water  pipes  flood stations,  paralyzing  traffic. The  city s homeless live on the platforms, sleeping on benches (or  in  the  trains  themselves)  and heightening passengers-insecurity. Every few months the papers report the familiar horror of yet another innocent randomly pushes under the wheels of an oncoming train. Muggings, rapes and murders are not common, but they happen. Add to this the often dirty cars and graffiti-scrawled stations, the hellish heat in summer and the  arctic  freeze  of  winter,  and  you  have  quite  an indictment. A writer  at The Washington Post called the New York subway  "a near-unworkable mixture  of the ancient, the old, the outmoded  and the inefficient. " And  he  was being sympathetic.

      Why, then, do New Yorkers swear by it? One radon is economic:1.50 to travel any distance, anywhere  in  the  city.  Compare  that  with a  $12  cab  fare  from,  say,  the  United  Nations  to Columbia University, on the other  side of Manhattan. Traveling to New York's socalled outer boroughs  of  Queens, Brooklyn  or  the  Bronx-anything  entailing  a  bridge  from  Manhattan-can easily  cost  three times as much. The  subway  is also fast. A ride  from  midtown Manhattan to Flushing Meadows, the site of the U.S. Open heels tournament, can take as little as 25 minutes; the same trip is upwards of an hour by car, and then you still have to find parking. Small wonder that even millionaires carry a Metro card, the card with a plastic strip that has replaced the metal tokens of old. And considering just how much moving and hauling the subway does each day, you can t help but be impressed. For the subway is subway is an enduring marvel of mass-transit engineering: trains make 6, 800 trips each day over 731 miles of rail, carrying 3.7million people.

      The subway, I find, is also oddly liberating. It takes you not  only to your  destination, but along  the  way  to  another  world.  As  you  wait  for  your  train,  you  can  listen  to  (sometimes) talented musicians from around the globe, some merely pounding on  drums, others trying out bona fide repertoires for whatever patrons will put not their hats. Your fellow riders are a jostling microcosm of a teeming Cosmo polis: men, women and children from every stratum of society, of every imaginable color, sporting all kinds of dress (or undress) and chattering in most of the languages of the planet. Romances among subway riders are not unknown; marriages have been reported between people who met as straphangers. Of course, there is no first class. On one trip recently, I noted a Wall Street banker heading home in his pin s tripped suit next to a deadlocked Rastafarian in torn blue jeans, as a Bangladeshi waiter disapprovingly eyed a miniskirt Hispanic secretary  across  from  him  struggling  with  her  lipstick.  Above  them,  a  public-service  ad  in Spanish  showed cartoon characters learning the importance of AIDS prevention. If the United Nations  is  where  the  world  shakes  hands,  the  New  York  subway  is where  the  world  rubs shoulders.

      Ambivalent I may still be. But I ve come to believe something else about the subway-that it epitomizes,   as  nothing  else  can,  the  city s soul.  New   York  journalist   Jim  Dwyer   captures something of this urban Zeitgeist in his book "Subway Lives. " "The subways have become the great public commons of the city, where acts of the heart and warped adventures are played out every  day,  "he  writes."  Only  in  the  dim  warrens  of  the  subway,  cursed  accomplice  of  daily existence, can the full spectrum of city life-with all the bewildering diversity of its pathologies and its glories-be glimpsed, felt, and at times even understood."

      A homage? Of a sort. I m not quite so poetic, but I do know that the subway is as essential to the character  of New York, to its  soul  and  sense  of itself, as the Empire  State Building  or Central Park, That s something many well-heeled tourists don t realize. You haven t been to New York if you ve never the subway.

1. The sentence" The subway is thing we love to hate. "can best be paraphrased by which of the following?
   (A) We either love or hate the subway.
   (B) We love more than we hate the subway.
   (C) We hate more than we love the subway.
   (D) We both love and hate the subway.
12. In the question  "Why, then, do New Yorkers swear by it?"(Para. 2), the phrase" swear by" can be replaced by _____.
   (A) show hatred for                                       (B) have much confidence in
   (C) make a mockery of                                      (D) give great promise to
13. When  the  author  writes"  The  subway,  I  find,  is  also  oddly  liberating."(Para.  3)  he  most  probably means than _____.
   (A) The subway reveals itself as a cosmopolitan world
   (B) The subway is a great theatrical stage
   (C) The subway has the most democratic atmosphere
   (D) The subway evokes strange feeling of freedom
14. It can be concluded that in writing the essay, the author _____.
   (A) give an objective description of the New York subway
   (B) introduces the New York subway from his personal experience
   (C) gives suggestions on how the New York subway can be improved
   (D) expresses her opposing emotional attitude towards the New York subway
15. The last two paragraphs can be considered as _____.
   (A) a summary of what has been described in the previous paragraphs
   (B) a repetition of the views expressed so far
   (C) an intensification of the theme of the essay
   (D) an exemplification of the topic of the essay 
                 
Questions 16～20 //tr.hjenglish.com
      On July 2, the first fully implanted artificial heart was stitched into the chest of Robert L. Tools, a 59-year-old technical librarian, at Jewish Hospital in Louisville. His failing beard had so debilitated him that  doctors had given him less than 30 days to live; surgeons said at best, the high-tech device might double that number.

    Well, 60 days have come and gone, and Tools has survived. His AbioCor heart, developed by  Abiomed  Inc.  in  Danvers,  Mass,  it a far  cry  from  the  technology  of  the  1980s,  when volunteers  died  grim  deaths  tethered  to  pumps  the  size  of  washing,  cajoles.  In  contrast,  the AbioCor  is  completely     enclosed   in  the  chest   cavity,  its pumping rate controlled by microprocessors, and its battery unit charged through the skin by a belt worn around the waist.

     With no wires or tubes connecting the heart to outside power sources, there are few openings for infection. Where the technology comes up short-the heart is heavy and too large to be inserted in children or in many women-advances in new materials and microelectronics should quickly kick in. //tr.hjenglish.com

      But now, society must  grapple with  a  fresh  conundrum: When will be money to pay  for these miracle devices come from? And how will society determine when it is the right time for the old and the terminally ill to actually die? In the words of Jonathan D. Moreno, director of  the University of Virginia's Center for Biomedical Ethics in Charlottesville, "these patients can no longer die a traditional cardiac death."

      There isn't a lot of time to come up with answers. The Food Drug Administration has authorized four  other major medical centers to implant AbioCor hearts. And even before these experiments get under way, Tools' s lease on life could inspire thousands of aging baby boomers to  add  their  names  to  the  waiting  list.  Many of  the 100,  000  people  in  the  U.S.  who are candidates for  heart  transplants might  accept  an  artificial  device, and  "there is a vastly  larger number  of patients who  could benefit,  "says  surgeon Robert  D. Dowling of the University  of Louisville, who with Layman A. Gray Jr. performed the seven  hour surgery on Tools at Jewish Hospital. //tr.hjenglish.com

      From  one  perspective,  this  huge  customer  base  represent  a  hair-raising  social  liability. Surgical and hospital cots for regular heart transplants run as high as 500, 000. These procedures haven't burdened the medical system so far-but only because the supply of transplantable hearts has been limited to about 2, 000 a year. Abiomed plans to price its heart between 75, 000 and 100, 000 initially, and with volume production, the price could fall as low as 10, 000. However, even at the lower price, artificial hearts are an issue that will lead into moral quicksands, says medical    ethicist David    Steinberg   of  the  Lahey   Clinic   in Burlington,  Mass.  What   happens, Steinberg muses, "if heart replacement-and intervention directly and visibly linked to who will live and who will die-becomes available only to those who can afford it?"

      On the bright side, devices like the AbioCor could offer a ray of hope to thousands. Tools recently said he was looking forward to going bass fishing with his surgeon, Gray. Multiply such hopes by millions, and heart replacements are a boon, whether the promise is measured in years or just months of enjoyable, productive life. //tr.hjenglish.com

      Still, disturbing questions linger. What will doctors do when the patient's other biological systems signal that it's time to die and the mechanical heart just keeps whirring? Someone will eventually  have to hit the  switch-be it patient,  family, or  physician. True, patients on dialysis machines and respirators face such issues daily. But  if the AbioCor  device becomes common, "physicians and families would be dealing with far more of these cases, "predicts Nancy Tuana, director of the Rock Ethics Institute at Pennsylvania State University.

      Ethicist Rebecca Dresser at Washington University in St. Louis is counting on laws such as the  Patient  Self-Determination  Act  to  help  people  establish  "living  wills" before  undergoing surgery.  Meanwhile,     as  the  pains  of  perpetuity  become  more obvious,   patients,  healthcare providers, and legislators will all struggle with the same enigma: It's not just how  society will pay for the plethora of artificial organs. It's how we define the new parameters of a human life.

16. The  phrase  "a  far  cry  from"  in  the  sentence  "His  AbioCor  heart...  is  a  far  cry  from  the technology of the 1980s. "(Para. 2) can be paraphrased as _____.
   (A) a great gap in                    (B) an improvement on
   (C) quite different from            (D) exactly opposite to
17. Jonathan D. Moreno's comment that  "these patients can no longer  die a traditional cardiac death."(Para. 3) can best be understood as ______.
   (A) these patients will no longer die with AbioCor heart
   (B) these patients will not die because of traditional heart failure
   (C) these patients will live a longer life with AbioCor heart
   (D) these patients will live with AbioCor heart for the rest of their lives
18. The expression "a hair       raising social liability"(Para. 5) can be replaced by _____.
   (A) a tremendous social responsibility           (B) an enormous social benefit
   (C) a huge social reliability                     (D) a great social asset
19. the greatest concern the author shows in writing the passage is with _____.
   (A) the significance of artificial AbioCor hearts
   (B) the reduction of the price of AbioCor hearts
   (C) the moral issues in the use of high-tech hearts
   (D) the financial burdens related to heart replacements
20. Which of the following can NOT be concluded from the passage?
   (A) The AbioCor heart will be less expensive and more common.
   (B) The new criteria of a human life should be established.
   (C) New laws should be established with the use of high-tech medical devices.
   (D) Society will determine when to stop the functioning of artificial organs.