TEXT C

    There must be few questions on which responsible opinion is so utterly divided a s on that of how much sleep we ought to have. There are some who think we can le ave the body to regulate these matters for itself. “The answer is easy,” says Dr . A. Burton. “With the right amount of sleep you should wake up fresh and alert five minutes before the alarm rings.” If he is right many people must be undersl eeping, including myself. But we must remember that some people have a greater i nertia than others.This is not meant rudely. They switch on slowly, and they a re reluctant to switch off. They are alert at bedtime and sleepy when it is time  to get up, and this may have nothing to do with how fatigued their bodies are, or how much sleep they must take to lose their fatigue.

    Other people feel sure that the present trend is towards too little sleep. To qu ote one medical opinion, thousands of people drift through life suffering from the effects of too little sleep; the reason is not that they can’t sleep. Like a dvancing colonists, we do seem to be grasping ever more of the land of sleep for our waking needs, pushing the boundary back and reaching, apparently, for a poi nt in our evolution where we will sleep no more. This in itself, of course, need  not be a bad thing. What could be disastrous, however, is that we should press too quickly towards this goal, sacrificing sleep only to gain more time in which  to jeopardize our civilization by actions and decisions made weak by fatigue. Then, to complete the picture, there are those who believe that most people are persuaded to sleep too much. Dr H. Roberts, writing in Every Man in Health, asse rts: “It may safely be stated that, just as the majority eat too much, so the ma jority sleep too much.” One can see the point of this also. It would be a pity t o retard our development by holding back those people who are gifted enough to w ork and play well with less than the average amount of sleep, if indeed it does them no harm. If one of the trends of evolution is that more of the life span i s to be spent in gainful waking activity, then surely these people are in the va n of this advance.

74.    The author seems to indicate that___.
A.    there are many controversial issues like the right amount of sleep
B.    among many issues the right amount of sleep is the least controversial
C.    people are now moving towards solving many controversial issues
D.    the right amount of sleep is a topic of much controversy among doctors

75.    The author disagrees with Dr. Burton because___.
A.    few people can wake up feeling fresh and alert
B.    some people still feel tired with enough sleep
C.    some people still feel sleepy with enough sleep
D.    some people go to bed very late at night 

76.    In the last paragraph the author points out that___.
A.    sleeping less is good for human development
B.    people ought to be persuaded to sleep less than before
C.    it is incorrect to say that people sleep too little
D.    those who can sleep less should be encouraged 

77.    We learn from the passage that the author___.
A.    comments on three different opinions
B.    favours one of the three opinions
C.    explains an opinion of his own
D.    revises someone else’s opinion 

TEXT D

    Migration is usually defined as “permanent or semipermanent change of residence. ” This broad definition, of course, would include a move across the street or ac ross a city. Our concern is with movement between nations, not with internal mig ration within nations, although such movements often exceed international moveme nts in volume. Today, the motives of people who move short distances are very si milar to those of international migrants.

    Students of human migration speak of “push” and “pull” factors, which influence an individual’s decision to move from one place to another. Push factors are ass ociated with the place of origin. A push factor can be as simple and mild a matt er as difficulty in finding a suitable job. or as traumatic as war, or severe fa mine. Obviously, refugees who leave their homes with guns pointed at their heads  are motivated almost entirely by push factors (although pull factors do influen ce their choice of destination).

    Pull factors are those associated with the place of destination. Most often thes e are economic，such as better job opportunities or the availability of good lan d to farm. The latter was an important factor in attracting settlers to the Unit ed States during the 19th century. In general, pull factors add up to an apparen tly better chance for a good life and material well-being than is offered by the place of origin. When there is a choice between several attractive potential de stinations, the deciding factor might be a non-economic consideration such as th e presence of relatives, friends, or at least fellow countrymen already establis hed in the new place who are willing to help the newcomers settle in. Considerat ions of this sort cad to the development of migration flow.

    Besides push and pull actors, there are what the sociologists call “intervening obstacles” Even if push and(or) pull factors are very strong they still may be ou tweighed by intervening obstacles, such as the distance of the move, the trouble  and cost of moving, the difficulty of entering the new country, and the problem s likely to be encountered on arrival. The decision to move is also influenced by “personal factors” of the potential m igrant. The same push-pull factors and obstacles operate differently on differen t people, sometimes because they are at different stages of their lives, or just  because of their varying abilities and personalities. The prospect of packing u p everything and moving to a new and perhaps very strange environment may appear  interesting and challenging to an unmarried young man and appallingly difficult to a slightly older man with a wife and small kids. Similarly, the need to lear n a new language and customs may excite one person and frighten another. Regardless of why people move, migration of large numbers of people causes confl ict. The United States and other western countries have experienced adjustment p roblems with each new wave of immigrants. The newest arrivals are usually given the lowest-paid jobs and are resented by native people who may have to compete w ith them for those jobs. It has usually taken several decades for each group to be accepted into the mainstream of society in the host country.

78.    The author thinks that pull factors___.
A.    are all related to economic considerations
B.    are not as decisive as push factors
C.    include a range of considerations
D.    are more important than push factors 

79.    People’s decisions to migrate might be influenced by all the follow ing EXC EPT___.
A.    personalities.                         B. education. C.    marital status.                         D. abilities. 

80.    The purpose of the passage is to discuss___.
A.    the problems of international migrants
B.    the motives of international migrants
C.    migration inside the country
D. migration between countries



阅读B


SECTION B SKIMMING AND SCANNING ［5 min］

In this section there are seven passages with a total often multiple-choice questions. Skim or scan them as required and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.

TEXT E

First read the following question.
81.    This is a letter of___.
A.    inquiry            B. complaint         ation     D introduction 

  Now, go through TEXT E quickly and answer question 81.

Flat 24

Park Mansions

Newbury Road

  The Manager

Reliable Motors Ltd.

876 Meadow Street 14th May 2002

Dear Sir,

I am writing to you concerning the Bernster Special 150 SE that I bought from yo u two weeks ago. The car has now developed the following faults:

1.    The steering wheel is loose.

2.    The hand brake does not work.

3.    Oil is leaking from the engine.

4.    The driver’s door-does not close properly.

Will you please telephone me and we can arrange for you to collect the car. Unle ss you can put the car in perfect working order, 1 am afraid I shall report your  company to the Consumers’ Association.

                                                                                                                                                                                Yours faithfully,

                                                                                                                                                                                  Tony Lockwood

TEXT F

First read the following question.

82.    The passage is mainly about___.
A.    Christmas sales B.    retailing business C.    Internet population D.    online shopping 

     Now, go through TEXT F quickly and answer question 82.Online shopping (网上购物) has become a major force in retailing this year with more than US$1 billion in Christmas season sales, industry analysts say.The figure for the holiday tops the total for Internet shopping in all of 1996. Online shopping for the holiday season remained just a drop in the ocean of the estimated US$450 bilion spent by US consumers. But the figure is growing rapidly.International Data Corporation, a market research group, predicts the World Wide  Web (万维网) population will reach almost 100 million by 1998 and that online c ommerce will grow to more than US$20 billion.

TEXT G

First read the following question

83.    The passage discusses the aim of___.

A.    the organization        B.    blood centres in the USA C.    FDA new rules       D. AIDS prevention 

Now, go through TEXT G quick and answer question 83.

    The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is taking steps to protect the country’s blood supply. People give blood to the centres, where it is kept until it is needed for medical purposes. The FDA has provided new rules for the blood centres. The government agency says  new rules are designed to improve the blood supply system. The new rules call for blood centres to develop more ways to make sure their wor k is done correctly.These rules are another way to help keep the blood supply pure. A leading concer n is that someone with AIDS virus might give blood to a blood centre. For this r eason, there are tests to find out if blood contains viruses that cause AIDS and other diseases.