二．主体段的高端写作理论

1． 原因段

在原因段的论述中，建议考生们在每列举一个原因后记得用示例或者因果对于列举的原因继续展开讨论。每个原因间用列举的连词隔开。比如：

In my opinion, most people commit crimes because they want something they cannot have. Advertising intensifies the desire for luxury goods and celebrity lifestyles, and although it is necessary to promote sales and improve the economy, it can encourage feelings of greed and jealousy. In addition to this, young people especially are vulnerable to peer pressure. For instance, they may be influenced by their friends to start taking drugs or stealing cars for fun.

在上面这个例子中，作者罗列了犯罪的2个原因，即贪婪和同辈的压力。在原因表达以后，作者分别各自用了一个因果和例子来继续发展。请注意，第一个原因后的那个句子是解释贪婪的原因，属于因果法；而第二个原因后作者是通过举例的方式来进一步论述。

Otherwise-good people are sometimes unlucky and put in situations where they feel crime is the only option. I think that the most common cases are needing money. This could be to fuel drug habits, support a family or nothing except pure greed. Bad upbringing is often argued as a cause. For example, if a child sees parents or other adults using violence, they may be more likely to think it is acceptable to use violence as an answer to problems.

As I see it, the main reason aid money is ineffective is corruption. In developing countries, civil servants, teachers and policemen are paid so little that they are unable to live on their salaries. For this reason, they are forced to take money for favors, and as a result, money goes missing before it can reach the people it is intended for. Consequently, the gap between rich and poor becomes wider, and so we see tyrants and dictators living in palaces while their people starve.

上述段落只论述了一个原因，即富国提供给穷国的资金为什么得不到很好的利用的原因是腐败。在原因表达后，作者先用了一个举例，这个举例其实也可以当作腐败的原因，即原因的原因。然后作者继续讨论原因导致的结果。请注意，若原因段只讨论一个原因的话，考虑到篇幅的因素，必须通过举例加因果的组合对本段论述的原因作深入的讨论。

2． 解决方案段

在提供解决方案的时候，我们一般也是先用列举的方式罗列各种方案，但是在方案之后我们可以有多种发展方式，一个是介绍如何实施，一个是讨论这个方案的优点，最后就是解释为什么会有这个方案的提出。以下我们来看二个例子：

It seems to me that poorer nations would benefit more from education and training 方案than financial aid. Professionals from all fields can donate some of their time to teaching local people new skills, 如何实施 and as a consequence, they will be able to teach others in turn. 方案的优点 As poverty is caused by ignorance, 为什么会有这个方案的提出so education is the key to prosperity. When financial donations are made, foreign governments need to ensure that there is a system which can account for their distribution如何实施 so that the money does not disappear. Thus, it is more likely to be used for the development of the country’s infrastructure, and in helping the poor and needy. 方案的优点

I feel that there are three ways that crime can be reduced. Firstly, most developed countries have a large and well-paid police force. However, they spend most of the time in cars. 为什么会有这个方案的提出They need to be more visible on the street. Secondly, young people need to be educated about how they can contribute to society. Finally, parents should be more responsible. They have children, yet they do not control their behaviors. Consequently, the children grow up without learning the rules of society. 为什么会有这个方案的提出

三．结尾段的高端写作理论

建议在分析解决型结尾段里，一般写作遵循的原则是回顾全文+观点+展望未来。其中表达观点是必须包含的部分，而第一和第三则视题目而定，以下我们来看几个例子：

On the whole, I do not believe that we can ever rid our society of all crime, 回顾全文 but if the measures I have suggested here were taken, I am convinced that we would seen an improvement. 观点 What is more, none of these suggestions would be expensive to apply. 展望未来

All in all, the problem of world poverty cannot be solved by money alone. 回顾全文 Nations need to work together on long-tem projects, sharing their knowledge and skills so that each person has something valuable to offer their community. 观点

以上2个结尾段中，我们可以总结出几个句型结构：I (do not) believe that… (However) I am convinced that… It will continue to… 而对于一些社会类话题的总结，“but if the measures I have suggested here were taken, I am convinced that we would see an improvement.”这个句型值得参考。