二 合同中常用的专门用词及词组

1.关于shall与should

shall在合同文件中是使用频率最高的词,在合同文件中shall表示强制性承担法律或合同所规定的义务,在表达“应该”或“必须”做某事时,应用“shall”而不能用“ must”或“should”,但有时可用“will”,力度比shall弱。

Should在法律文件中往往作“if”解,只表示“如果”之意。

如:

The board meeting shall be called and presided over by the Chairman. Should the chairman be absent, the vice-Chairman shall, in principle, call and preside over the board meeting.

文中:

★ 两个shall,都表示有责任做,应该做之意。

★ Should: If 表示如果。

★ board meeting:董事会会议。

★ preside over:主持。

原文可译为:

董事会会议应由董事长召集、主持;如董事长缺席,原则上应由副董事长召集、主持。

2. Unless otherwise

Unless otherwise: 除外。比 “if not”和 “otherwise”表达正式。 该词由两个同义词“ unless” 和“otherwise”组成,otherwise有代词作用,后面一般跟动词的过去分词限定,意为:除非另…….:如“除非合同另有规定”可译为“unless otherwise specified in the Contract”, 又如“除非信用证另有规定”可译为“ unless otherwise specified in the Letter of Credit.”

如:

These articles shall apply to documentary credits, including stand by letters of credit, to the extent to which the credits in question shall be applicable, and shall be binding on the Parties to the Contract, unless otherwise expressly agreed by the Parties thereto.

文中:

★ unless otherwise,表示除非合同双方另有约定。

★ these articles 指本条文

★ apply to 适用,适用于,

★ in question: under consideration; being discussed about 即“在考虑中的或议论中的”某事、某问题,可译成“这”或“该”, 比如“该事项”, 可译为“the matter in question”,这是合同中长用的专业词组。

比如:

Party A agrees to acquire from Party B and Party B agrees to transfer to Party A the Patented Technology for contract Products. The Patented Technology in question shall be the same technology as the technology of Party B’s latest products.

文中的the Patented Technology in question 是指前句中的the Patented Technology, 用了in question 就可以省略“在前句中的……”这样一句话,十分简捷鲜明。

例句可译为:甲方同意从乙方获得乙方同意向甲方转让的合同产品的专利技术。这种技术应与乙方最新产品的技术完全一致。

★ Shall be binding on the Parties to the Contract: 对合同各有关方面均具有约束力。

原文可译为:

本条文适用于一切跟单信用证,并包括在其适用范围内的备用信用证,对合同各有关方面均具有约束力,除非另有约定。

3. In accordance with: under; pursuant to

这三个词组都作“根据”,“按照”解,是法律文件中常用的词组,比according to 正式。试看例文:

例1:

On the FOB basis, the Buyer shall book shipping space in accordance with the date of shipment specified in the contract.

文中:

★ in accordance with the date of shipment:根据装运日期

★ FOB= Free on board: 船上交货。按照1999年9月国际商会公布的《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》的规定,采用此术语,卖方将货物在合同指定的装运港装到买方的船上,即完成交货。卖方承担货物越过船舷以前的风险和费用;买方承担其后的风险和费用。采用此术语时,在FOB 后面常要注明装运港名称,如FOB Shanghai.

★ book shipping space: 洽定舱位。

原文可译为:

按照FOB条件,由买方负责根据合同规定的装运日期洽定舱位。

注意:文中的买方或卖方,为合同的专门词汇,都要大写。中译英时需注意这一点。

例2:

When, under the laws and approval from the relevant authorities, a limited liability company is converted into a company limited by shares, the total amount which shares are converted into shall be equivalent to the amount of the company’s net assets.

文中:

★under the laws:依法,按照法律

★a limited liability company:有限责任公司

★a company limited by shares: 股份有限公司

★be equivalent to : 相等,相当于

★the amount of the company’s net assets: 公司净资产额

原文则可译为:

有限责任公司依法经批准变更为股份有限公司时,折合的股份总额应当相等于公司净资产额。

4. Provided that

Provided that: 但规定,规定;但是,等意。对合同的某一条款需要作进一步规定时或在作规定时语气转折时常用此词组。在中译英时,要学会使用此词组,有时中文字面上并未见“但规定”,或“进一步规定”的字辞,但内含此义,可先将中文作“语内译”,若含有上述两义,应运用“provided that” 词组。例:

An irrevocable credit shall be deemed to constitute a definite under taking of the issuing bank. Provided that if the stipulated documents are presented and are complied with the terms, conditions and provisions of the credit, and if the credit provides for sight payment, the payment shall be made or shall be guaranteed to be made.

文中:

★provided that对信用证的承诺性作了进一步规定。

★be deemed 被认为,被称为,视为等,是法律文件中的正式用语,比“ be believed; be considered”正式。

如: In the absence of such indication, the credit shall be deemed to be revocable.可译为:如无该项表示,信用证应视作是可撤销的。

★shall be deemed to constitute a definite undertaking of the issuing bank: 应被子认为构成开证行的确定承诺。

★Irrevocable 是revocable 加否定前缀构成,不可撤销之意。

★The credit provides for sight payment:即期付款信用证。

原文可译为:

不可撤销信用证,应被认为构成开证行的规定承诺。(但规定)如提交了规定的单据并符合信用证条款,并系即期付款信用证时,则进行付款或保证该款的照付。

除上述法律文件中常用词组外,还有若干,如in respect of; in respect thereof (关于关于上文已提及的事项);in the event of , in the event that ( 如果;如果……..发生,比when正式);in case, the (the ) case of (如果;万一,一旦,);be liable for; be liable to ( 应付有责任);in Testimony whereof: in Witness whereof (以此为证,特立此证); know all Men by these presents (根据本文件;特此宣布);undersigned: (法律文件末尾的签名者,若前有定冠词the,是指文件签署者的自称;now therefore, (特此;因此,一般与whereas 连用,其后边常跟hereby. 译成“兹”,“特此”)。由于篇幅之限,就不一一细述了。