IV 笔记清晰

如何做到笔记的层次清晰明了？首先要将笔记的内容以纵横两个方向理清。纵向排列的是讲座的要点，横向排列的是要点之下细节的内容。然后，捕捉每一个层次上的信号词，如连接词、过渡词，将其要 点罗列，层次梳理清楚。最后，捕捉实词和关键词，充实每个要点上的细节内容。下面的黑体字部分是2010年讲座的笔记。

Good morning everyone, today, we’ll continue our discussion on describing language. Last week we examined such features of language as grammar, vocabulary, the sounds of language etc. In this lecture we’ll look at another important aspect of language. Perhaps some of you may wonder, what is this important aspect of language? Let me tell you, it refers to features of communication that takes place without the use of grammar or vocabulary. They are called paralinguistic features of language. Its features fall into two broad categories, those that involve the voice and those that involve the body.

Now the fi rst category is what we call vocal paralinguistic features. Vocal features are actually tones of voice. While they are perhaps not central to meaning and communication in the same way as grammar or vocabulary, they may nevertheless convey attitude or intention in some way. Let me give you some examples. The fi rst is whispering which indicates the need for secrecy. The second is breathiness. This is to show deep emotion. The third is huskiness which is to show unimportance. The fourth is nasality this, um, is to indicate anxiety. The last is extra lip rounding which expresses greater intimacy, especially with babies for example. So we can see that there are a number of ways of altering
our tone of voice and when we do this consciously we do it to create different effects in communication.

Paral feas: voice—body
1. vocal paral fea (tone of voice)
—conv att or int
—e.g. 1) whis: secr
2) brea: deep em
3) huski: unimp
4) nasa: anx
5) lip round: inti

Now, let’s come to the second category, physical paralinguistic features, which involves the body. In addition to conveying meaning with tone of voice we can also express our intention through the ways in which we use our bodies. You may ask, what are the ways then􀀀Let me cite some brief examples, the expression on our face, the gestures we make and even proximity or way we sit are some of the ways we send powerful messages about how we feel or what we mean. Let me explain some of these in more detail. First, facial expression, facial expression is a powerful conveyor of meaning. We all know smiling is an almost universal signal of pleasure or welcome but there are other facial expressions that may not be so common. For instance, raising eyebrows suggests you are surprised or interested in something. Other facial actions such as biting your lips which indicates that you are deep in thinking or are uncertain about something, compressing your
lips which shows that you are making a decision and a physical crunching of the teeth to show that you are angry are all powerful conveyors of meaning too.

2. phys para feas
— facial exp
1) smile: unisal signal of plea/wel
2) others: × common
e.g. raise ebr—sur/intr; lib bite—think/uncert…
The second in this category is gesture. You see we use gesture to indicate a wide range of meaning. Now I have to emphasize that the actual gestures we use may be specifi c to particular cultures. That is to say, different cultures have their own favorite gestures in conveying meaning. Here a few examples may show you how powerful gestures can be. In British English, shrugging shoulders may indicate an attitude of I don’t care or I don’t know. Crossing your arms may indicate relaxation but it can also powerfully show you are bored. Waving can be welcome and farewell, whereas scratching your head may indicate you’re at a loss. In other cultures placing your hand upon your heart is to indicate that you are telling the truth, pointing your finger at your nose means it’s a secret, that’s why we say that gestures are culture-bound.

— gest: spec to par cul
1) Br: {shrg shlds: × care; cross arm: rela; wav: wel; scrat head: loss}
2) other: {hand on heart: tru; point nose: secr}

The third is proximity, posture and echoing. Proximity refers to the physical distance between speakers. This can indicate a number of things. It can also be used to consciously send messages about intent. Closeness for example may indicate intimacy or threat in many speakers. The distance may show formality or lack of interest. Once again, I’d like to say, proximity is also both a matter of personal style and it’s also culture-bound. So what may seem normal to a speaker from one culture may appear unnecessarily close or distant to a speaker from another and standing close to someone may be quite appropriate in some situations such as an informal party but completely out of place in other situations such as a meeting with a superior. Next, posture. Posture means the way in which someone holds his or her body especially the back, shoulders and head when standing, walking or sitting. A few examples! Hunched shoulders and a hanging head give a powerful indication of whether the person is happy or not. A lowered head when speaking to a superior with or without
eye contact can convey the appropriate relationship in some cultures. On the other hand, direct level eye contact changes the nature of the interaction and can be seen as either open or challenging.

Last, echoing. Now what is echoing? Let me start with an example. Some of you may have noticed this phenomenon in your experience. When two people are keen to agree with each other they would likely, though unconsciously, adopt the same posture as if in imitation of each other. They sit or stand in the same manner. When used in this way echoing appears to complement the verbal communication. Of course when such imitation is carried out consciously it often indicates that someone is mocking at another speaker.

OK, In today’s lecture we looked at some paralinguistic features such as tone of voice, gesture and posture, these features together with linguistic features of language like grammar or vocabulary are all part of the way we communicate with each other in face to face encounters.

In our next lecture, we’ll watch some video material and see how people actually use paralinguistic means at communication to express their intention or desire or mood.
— prox, post, echo
1) prox: phys dist — close: inti; dist: form/×intr — pers style; cul-byou; differ in situ
2) post: hun shlds/hang head: happy or not; low head & × eye con→ysupe; dir eye con→open/chal
3) echo: agree→unconsc — imi — comple verb commu consc imi — mock

以下是记笔记时用的缩略形式（只适用于本讲座，有可能与其他讲座缩略形式冲突或重复）：

1. paral.=paralinguistic          2. feas.=features
3. conv.=convey                  4. att.=attitude
5. int.=intention                  6. whis.=whisper
7. secr.=secrete                  8. brea.=breathiness
9. em.=emotion                  10. huski.=huskiness
11. unimp.=unimportant      12. nasa.=nasality
13. anx.=anxiety                14. inti.=intimacy
15. phys.=physical              16. exp.=expression
17. unisal.=universal           18. plea.=pleasure
19. wel.=welcome               20. ebr.=eyebrow
21. sur.=surprise               22. intr.=interest
23. uncert.=uncertainty      24. gest.=gesture
25. spec.=specifi c             26. par.=particular
27. cul.=culture                 28. Br.=British
29. shrg.=shrug               30. shlds.=shoulders
31. rela.=relaxation           32. wav.=waving
33. scrat.=scratch             34. tru.=truth
35. prox.=proximity          36. post.=posture
37. dist.=distance             38. form.=formality
39. / =or                          40. pers.=personal
41. cul-bou.=culture-bound 42. situ.=situation
43. hun.=hunched              44. con.=contact
45. supe.=superior             46. dir.=direct
47. chal.=challenging           48. unconsc.=unconscious
49. imi.=imitation                50. comple.=complement
51. commu.=communication 52. consc.=conscious

以上就是根据录音讲座所做的笔记。其中一层一层纵向记录的都是要点，用数词标号是为了便于理清层次关系；每一层上延伸记录的都是细节。需要记住，在短时间内不可能做到面面俱到，所以在记录细节的时候应牢牢抓住实词和关键词，必要的时候还要临时创造一些缩略形式，在基本不妨碍填空和识别的原则上尽可能多地记录细节信息。