4. 归总题
顾名思义，归总题就是归纳总结题，也就是从一段讲座内容中归纳总结出共有的特性并下一个结论。这类题目不容易回答，因为考生在做笔记的时候，往往没有意识到某个长篇解释或者形象化的介绍说明就是在填空的时候需要归纳总结的内容。所以，必须有意识地把阐明同一观点的内容记录在一条平行线上，以便填空的时候将其整合起来分析。对历年的考题进行分析后可以发现，填空题的内容基本上都是对讲座内容的浓缩和总结，近几年的题目里经常会出现这一类的题目，考查学生的思维归纳能力和用词能力。因此必须牢记，归纳总结类的题目需要考生根据对讲座内容的理解，精心归纳总结才能填入适合的单词，而不是直接从讲座随便听到一个单词就可以填上，务必要三思而后行。下面举例说明历年考题中归纳总结题的解题方法。

2003年讲座：
Self-realization needs:
Need to realize one’s potential.
Ways to realize these needs are individually (7) .
此题也不是凭直观感受就能下定论的，需要对讲座内容进行归纳总结。空格上填的是认识这些需求的途径是个人化的什么。讲座中提到：Of course, it depends on different people. The means of satisfying them tend to vary greatly with the individual. For some people, learning a new skill, starting a new career after retirement could quite well satisfy their selfrealisation needs, while for other people, it could be becoming “the best there is” in certain areas. It could be becoming the president of IBM. Anyway, being great or ordinary is what others think, while self-realisation is largely individual. 这一段内容具体就是说个人的自我成就各不相同，那么归纳起来应该用哪个词比较贴切呢？variable / different / dependant 都是不错的答案。

2004年讲座：
1. Skill to ask questions
1) be aware of the human nature: readiness to answer others’ questions regardless of (1)

这一部分有关第一个要点的第一个注意事项，在空格上要求填出人们不管什么情况都准备着回答他人的问题。讲座中提到：First of all, good talkers ask questions. Almost anyone, no matter how shy, will answer a question. In fact, according to my observation, very shy persons are often more willing to answer questions than extroverts. They are more concerned that someone will think them impolite if they don’t respond to the questions.（几乎所有人，无论害羞与否，都会回答问题。事实上，据我观察，非常害羞的人比外向的人更愿意回答问题。他们担心如果不回答问题别人会认为他们很不礼貌。）从以上这一段归纳总结来看，应该是不管性格害羞与否，人们都准备着回答问题。所以答案归纳起来可以是personality /shyness。

2005年讲座：
Research Paper and Ordinary Essay
A. Similarity in (1) basic writing steps:
e.g. — choosing a topic
— asking questions
— identifying the audience
B. Difference mainly in terms of (2)
1. research paper: printed sources
2. ordinary essay: ideas in one’s mind

此题也需要归纳总结一段内容才能得出结论。讲座里提到：What makes a research paper different is that much of your raw material comes not from your own head, but from printed sources: mainly books and periodicals in the library. Collecting raw material, that is, reading books and taking notes, is very much like the process of brainstorming at the prewriting stage of an ordinary essay. 画线部分应该是回答了填空需要的内容，但是如何把它归纳总结浓缩成简单的词组呢？从printed sources, mainly books and periodicals 可以归纳出一个共同点，那就是信息来源，所以真正的区别是信息来源的不同。答案可以是source of information，source of material等。

2007年讲座：
Africa and the Pacifi c Islands: masks, headdresses and costumes in special ceremonies
Purpose: to seek the help of (6) to protect crops,
讲座中提到：Traditional art in Africa and Pacifi c Islands is different from Christian art... But the goal of traditional art in Africa and Pacifi c Islands is to infl uence spiritual powers, that is, gods to enter people’s lives. Each tribe or village there has special ceremonies with songs and dances to make sure that crops, animals and people are healthy and increasing in number.
The dancers in these ceremonies wear masks, headdresses, and costumes that they believe are necessary to infl uence gods. So these masks and headdresses themselves are a very part of the art.
（非洲和太平洋岛屿地区的传统艺术与基督教艺术不同，是为了神灵的护佑，即神灵进入百姓生活。每个种族或村寨都有他们特有的仪式载歌载舞祈求庄稼丰收、人畜健康。）归纳总结来看：这些仪式的目的就是让神灵保佑，为家眷、庄稼和家畜祈福。所以填空时可以填入gods。需要注意的是，God首字母大写，单数形式，特指上帝；gods首字母小写，复数形式，指各类神灵。

2010年讲座：
C. proximity, posture and echoing
1. proximity: physical distance between speakers
— closeness: intimacy or threat
— (7) : formality or absence of interest
Proximity is person-, culture- and (8) -specifi c.
其中的第八题就是道典型的归总题，较难。讲座中论述人与人的距离时提到：Once again, I’d like to say, proximity is also both a matter of personal style and it’s also culturebound. So what may seem normal to a speaker from one culture may appear unnecessarily close or distant to a speaker from another and standing close to someone may be quite appropriate in some situations such as an informal party but completely out of place in other situations such as a meeting with a superior. 这里要把这么长的句子记录下来基本是不可能的，只能在听的过程中加以总结，概括出大意：人际距离表达的含义与个人风格（personal style）和文化（culture-bound）有关，另外也与场景（situation）有关，即与某个场景适配（appropriate）的人际距离换个场景就有可能完全不合适 (out of place)，因此答案为situation。

2011年讲座：

III. Conclusion
awareness of different cultural assumptions
— relevance in work and life
e.g. business, negotiation, etc.
— (10) in successful communication (10)

讲座原文并未给出答案，需要根据讲座内容自行总结：If you’re in business, negotiations, interpersonal relations, if you’re dealing with people from different cultures in any way, it’s going to affect every part of your life. In any multi-cultural situation, these assumptions need to be taken into account for successful interaction.也就是说我们在跨文化交际中要想成功交流就必须考虑各种文化的不同特性，因此讲座的结论就是要强调了解不同文化特性的重要性和意义，所以答案为signifi cance/importance。

综上所述，归总题需要很强的听力理解分析能力和笔记记录能力，所以考生在平时做应试练习时要格外注重培养自己的思维概括能力，还要注重提高笔记记录速度和对记录内容进行修整的能力。