SECTLON 2: READLNG TEST (30 minutes)

Directions:  In this section you will read several passages. Each one is followed by several questions about it. You are to choose ONE best answer, (A), (B), (C) or (D), to each question. Answer all the questions following each passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage and write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.

Question 1~5
      The final irony in the case of the Bridgewater Three is that they might have has a far better chance of a new life if they had committed a crime. As Michael and Vincent Hickey and James Robinson try to come to terms with the last 18 years, they will receive none of the help or rehabilitation that convicted criminals could expect.

      Psychologists and probation officers say the effect on those wrongfully convicted can be compared to hostages held in the Middle East. Many face severe depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. "No amount of compensation will pay for what they've been through," said David Boag, a chartered forensic psychologist who has in prisons for nearly 30 years. "This would devastate anybody. It is likely to have very, very negative effects on their life for a very long time.

      "At the moment they will be very excited about being released, but after a while they could be overwhelmed by feelings of depression."

      People who were wrongfully held often did suffer post-traumatic stress disorder:"They keep on going over and over the case. They can't get shot of it. They keep reliving the experience."

      He said there were   four main stages people went through: "Sometimes they go into denial and can't believe it's happened that they have actually been released. Then there is anger and resentment that it happened in the first place. After that they may become emotionally drained and depressed. They feel like they are disappearing down the black hole. Then there is the final adjustment and acceptance but you don't know how long it can take."

      It is a familiar tale to previous victims of injustice. A year after his release Paddy Hill, one of the Birmingham Six, said in a newspaper interview:"Sometimes I feel like bursting into tears, or I havejust to walk away... There are times when I wish I was back in jail."

      In the cases of the Guildford Four, they found different ways of adjusting. While Gerard Conlon achieved fame and money through his best-selling autobiography, In the Name of the Father, and Paul Hill married into the Kennedy clan, the other two, Patrick Armstrong and Carole Richardson, have quietly faded into anonymity.

      In purely practical terms the Bridgewater Three will have to adjust to a very different world to the one they left in 1979. Since then the Cold War has ended, the Berlin Wall has come down and Nelson Mandela has been released. In  day-to-day life back in 1979, simple electronic calculators were prized pieces of advanced technology, office workers used typewriters and the equivalents of desk-top PCs took up small rooms. Remote controls for televisions were still a thing of the future as were hole-in-the-wall cash dispensers."There have been maj or changes in society," said Dr. Gisli Gudj onsson, reader in forensic psychology at the University of London. "They will not be used to the increased traffic or the differences in technology. They may find it terrifying to get on a bus or a train or the Tube. And if people are let out suddenly they have no opportunity to adjust."

      This is the major problem psychologists agree that the Bridgewater Three face. They will not have had any preparation which long-term prisoners normally receive and they will not be supervised by the probation service on their release. For the convicted criminal, the probation service must make sure there is accommodation arranged, that prisoners are signed on at social security and are connected to employment serices. With no such service for the wrongfully convicted, they could even have problems even with tasks such as opening a bank account.

1. According to passage, which of the following is NOT true about the Bridgewater Three?
   (A) They werejailed eighteen years ago. //tr.hjenglish.com
   (B) They were released after the completion of their prison terms.
   (C) They have been found not guilty after 18 years of imprisonment.
   (D) They are victims of injustice.
2. The statement "They can't get shot of it."(para.4) can be paraphrased as "_________."
   (A) They do not know how to face the future.
   (B) They are too excited to believe they are free.
   (C) They are unable to rid themselves of the emotional disorder.
   (D) They do not learn the lesson from their imprisonment.
3. It can be concluded that all of the foolowing statements about the Bridgewater Three, the Birmingham Six and the Guidford Four are true EXCEPT that _______.
   (A) they are the victims of injustice
   (B) they face the difficulty of adjustment after release
   (C) they were wrongfully held in prison for a number of years
   (D) they win their freedom through their own struggle
4. The author listed (in para. 8) a number of changes in political, social and day-to-day life mainly to show ______.
   (A) how difficult it is for the Bridgewater Three to adjust to the world today
   (B) how fast the world will have been changing when crimes are under control
   (C) how advanced the modern technology has become
   (D) how close the relationship is between politics and science
5. In writing the last paragraph of the passage the author ______.
   (A) gives the summery of the article
   (B) lists more examples of the injustice done to the Bridgewater Three
   (C) shows the different treatments the Bridgewater Three and convicted criminals receive
   (D) criticizes openly the injustice imposed on the Bridgewater Three

Question 6~10 //tr.hjenglish.com
      Displaying a giant banner protesting global warming, Greenpeace, the confrontational environmental group that has known better days, on Wednesday brought its campaign against oil exploration in the arctic to downtown Los Angeles.

      Two activists climbed 13 stories up Atlantic Richfield's 51-story building before unfurling a banner featuring a polar bear and reading "Arctic oil:Global Warming, Chill the Drills."

      Greenpeace has chosen the bear as a symbol because of scientific concerns about the vulnerability of arctic wildlife to global warming as icebergs melt and the northern habitat heats.

      Five people were arrested at the demonstration, which caused police to temporarily close portions of two streets and snarled downtown traffic for hours as Fire Department personnel positioned huge air bags on the ground in case the climbers fell.

      For Greenpeace, the demonstration was one of several recent protests, after a reorganization over  the  summer, that  mark  a  reemphasis  of the  sort  of  dramatic  direct  action  that  made the group famous.

      After a steep decline in U.S. membership that saw the rolls drop to 420,000 from more than 1 million in 1991, the organization earlier this year closed 10 field offices across the country. It also began calling attention to some of its less controversial work--its efforts to develop a more energy-efficient car and its lobbying for tougher restrictions on the huge "factory" trawlers widely blamed for depleting worldwide fish populations.

      But in September, members of the group launched a small flotilla of inflatable dinghies into Alaska's Becaufort Sea in an effort to prevent a huge floating oil rig from moving to a drill site in coastal waters off the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.

      Greenpeace has targeted Arco because of the company's plans to look for oil just off the arctic refuge, the home of an extraordinary array of northern wildlife.

     Although drilling operations could lead to spills or accidents that might harm bears, whales and birds, Greenpeace says its main concern is the long-term climate effects of oil dependency. The burning of fossil fuels is considered to be the primary way people contribute to global warming.

      Al Greenstein, a company spokeaman, said that Greenpeace was wrong to equate arctic oil drilling with global warming.

      "It's not a production issue. It's a matter of consumption," Greenstein said."As long as people choose to depend on oil, and we think they will for decades to come, the choice is whether to import oil or develop our own sources."

      The five Los Angeles protesters were arrested on suspicion of trespassing.

6. The expression "that has known better days"(para. 1) can mean all of the following EXCEPT that ______.
   (A) it has once achieved more successes //tr.hjenglish.com
   (B) it has once has a larger membership
   (C) it has once organized more direct actions
   (D) it has once been involved in more controversial issues
7. The expression "Chill the Drills" in the slogan "Arctic Oil: Global warming, Chill the Drills." (para. 2) can possibly be paraphrased as "_______".
   (A) save the polar bears
   (B) stop the oil exploration
   (C) reduce the consumption of fossil fuels
   (D) destroy the drilling apparatus
8. Which of the following is implied, but not directly stated, in the passage?
   (A) Greenpeace has had a sharp decline in membership.
   (B) Greenpeace has changed its tactics.
   (C) Greenpeace has resumed dramatic direct actions.
   (D) Greenpeace has undergone reorganization.
9. According to the passage, the five protesters were arrested at the demonstration under the accusation that _____.
   (A) they stopped the traffic for hours
   (B) they destroyed part of the building
   (C) they invaded private property without permission
   (D) they organised and headed up the demonstration
10.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
   (A) Greenpeace Targets Arco Building in Latest Protest
   (B) Five Protesters Arrested at Greenpeace Demonstration
   (C) Polar Bears: Central Concern of Greenpeace
   (D) Oil Production vs. Oil Consumption: Global Warming

Questions 11~15 //tr.hjenglish.com
     Oscar Wilde, the celebrated wit and playwright who ended his days in disgrace and ruin, is finally being remembered in the way he wanted. As he put it:"Something more than a man with a tragic vice in his life. There is so much more in me, and I always was a good father to both my children."

     A century after his release, Britain is going wild for Wilde. His comedies, such as The Importance of Being Earnest, (which he described as "exquisitely trivial") and Lady Windermere's Fan have enj oyed a consistent popularity in repertory theatres around the country, and in the next few months his personality and cultural impact will be explored in a west End play, two screen versions and a new biography.

     The film Wilde, due out in the autumn and starring actor and author Stephen Fry, intends to balance his homosexuality, for which he was imprisoned, with his love for his wife, Constance, and two sons.

     The producers, brothers Marc and Peter Samuelson, said they felt that the Victorian writer's scandalous affair with Lord Alfred "Bosie" Douglas, which led to his downfall, painted an "incomplete" picture of the man.

     Directed by Brian Gilbert, the film focuses on 15 years of Wilde's life, when most of his great works, including The Importance of Being Earnest and An Ideal Husband, were written. The script is adapted from Richard Ellmann's definitive biography, and Vanessa Redgrave plays Wilde's mother.

     Only now, says Fry, is his subject receiving the universal respect that is his due."He stands for all people who refused to freeze themselves into a moral code," he said on BBC Radio yesterday.
 
     Because of today's more liberal attitudes, the film is likely to be more sexually explicit than previous studies which could not focus enough on homosexuality, and instead merely alluded to sexual practices which Wilde himself called "feadting with panthers."

     The actor Simon Callow has been winning rave reviews for The Importance of Being Oscar, a one-man show at the Savoy Theatre which opened last week, in which he attempts to humanise, rather than eulogise the playwright.

     "Wilde constructed a personality for himself, believing that on it depended his value as an artist," Callow has said. "By personality he didn't mean in the corrupted sense... but the inner life transformed into the outer self."

     Wilde's grandson, Merlin Holland, has given the show his enthusiastic backing. He hinself is working on a new book about his ancestor's life, and he said yesterday:"The British public are happy enough to read his children's stories to their children, or clap at revivals of The Importance of Being Earnest, but his private life you just didn't ask about."

      "To find now that it's all been brough back together and the whole man is there is delightful. I'm very happy about that."

     Also in progress is a film version of Wilde's play The Ideal Husband, which is about a cabinet minister revered by all women as being the ideal man, yet who hides his corruption behind a facade.

     Wilde himself has already won a kind of establishment acceptance. In 1995, he was finally given the stamp of approval with an inscription on a new stained-glass window at Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey. Even the present Marquess of Queensberry, descendant of the man who put Wilde behind bars for sodomy, was reported to havejoined the Oscar Wilde Society.

     But Professor Alan Sinfield, author of The Wilde Century, says that the image of Wilde, as a consequence of the trials, set up the notion of the queer man of the 20th century.

      "I thought at the time there's always been two Oscar Wildes-one that's synonym for queerness and the one that's at the Haymarket with all sorts of knights and ladies." Until recently, he said, it was quite difficult to marry the two together.

     The fact that newest productions were doing so could signify an increasingly enlightened attitude towards homosexuality--or "a technique for putting homosexuality back into a box, by saying we recognise that, enough of it, now we'll get to the full man," Professor Sinfield said.

11. All of the following plays were written by the playwright Oscar Wilde EXCEPT_____.
    (A) The Importance of Being Earnest             (B) Lady Windermere's fan
    (C) The Importance of Being Oscar               (D) The Ideal Husband
12. The word "vice" in the expression "Something more than a man with a tragic vice in his life" (para. 1) can best be replaced by which of the following?
    (A) ill fate                                       (B) immoral character
    (C) vicious intention                              (D) mental weakness
13. The present Marquess of Queensberry is mentioned in the passage to show that ________.
    (A) Wilde is still quite popular with the public
    (B) Wilde is no longer condemned for his homosexuality
    (C) people remember Wilde in the way he wanted                          
    (D) the change of attitude toward Wilde is radical enough
14. It can be concluded from Professor Alan Sinfield's comment that _______.
    (A) there are two contrastive images of the playwright Oscar Wilde
    (B) there are two Oscar Wildes in British literary history
    (C) the two Oscar Wildes could never agree with each other
    (D) the playwright Oscar Wilde changed his personality later in life
15. Which of the following is NOT true about the playwright Oscar Wilde according to the passage?
    (A) Wilde has been considered a controversial figure over the past century.
    (B) There is a strong revival of interest in both Wilde's plays and his personality.
    (C) The reevaluation of Oscar Widle is more objective and humanistic.
    (D) The British public fully accept Wilde's homosexuality.

Questions 16~20 //tr.hjenglish.com
      All men can trace their ancestry back to one man who lived 150,000 years ago and whose closest living relatives are a small tribe in South Africa, according to scientists who have spent a decade searching for the original Adam.

      Research into the human Y chromosome--which sons only inherit from their fathers--has pinpointed the time and place where just one man gave rise to the male genetic ingredients of all men alive today.

      The geneticists have also located the oldest direct descendants of this Adam, whom they say lived alongside an African Eve who was identified in similar studies 10 years ago.

      The khoisan people of South Africa, some with a hunter-gatherer tradition stretching back thousands of years, share most of the genetic traits that first arose when Adam hunted game and collected berries in his African Garden of Eden.

      Two independent investigations of minute mutations on the Y chromosome pinpointed the Khoisan people, who are also known as Bushmen or Hottentots, as the only ethnic group to possess so many ancient remnants of the original Adam.

      Dr. Michael Hammer, a geneticist at the University of Arizona, analysed the Y chromosome of more than 1,500 men selected from ethnic groups around the world and found a clear line of descendent from the African Adam to the present-day Khoisan people.

      "One way of looking at this is that the Y chromosome traces back to people who lived in Africa. We have evidence that the Y chromosomes in all men today trace back to one African male at some time in the past," he said. "It is possible that this male was not anatomically modern. He may have been more like Homo erectus, one of our hominid ancestors, but his Y chromosome survived the change in the way we look."

      By studying the variety of mutations in the Y chromosome of men alive today, Hammer's team was able to determine how long it has taken these genetic changes to arise and where the original source came from.

      He found that the Khoisan, who speak a unique click language, preserved an ancient genetic signal as well as an old cultural heritage. "The oldest branch of the ［human family］tree that traces all the way back to Adam is represented today by the Khoisan people," Hammer said. "Something like 20% of the Khoisan men have this old, old Y chromosome. We don't find it at all in European populations and it is present in very low levels, 2% or 3%, in other African groups."

      A separate study of Y chromosomes by Dr. Peter Oefner, a senior researcher at Stanford University in California, also supports the link between Adam and the Khoisan, who now live in South Africa but whose ancestors probably emigrated from the Rift Valley of east Africa where Homo sapiens is believed to have evolved.

      The scientists said the research does not support the biblical story of a single man and woman in a Garden of Eden. "This result does not mean there was ever only one male but rather that a unique mutation occurred, resulting in one son who defined the new (genetic) line and whose male descendants eventually reached a majority in Africa. Some offspring of this lineage left Africa to populate the entire globe," Oefner said.

16. The Khoisan people of South Africa are studied by scientists because ________.
    (A) they have had a long hunter-gatherer tradition
    (B) their ancestors built the first Garden of Eden
    (C) their descendants quickly spread to the whole world
    (D) they have possessed the earliest genetic traits of man
17. The expression "minute mutations" (para. 5) can be paraphrased as "_______."
    (A) immediate occurrences                    (B) small alterations
    (C) great transformations                    (D) slow evolution
18. Which of the following is NOT true about the expression "African Garden of Eden"?
    (A) It is a geographical location in South Africa.
    (B) It is coined from the Holy Bible.
    (C) It is used to symbolize the birthplace of the human race.
    (D) It is said to be the place where the legendary Adam and Eve lived.
19. According to Dr. Peter Oefner, the Khoisan people _______.
    (A) have never left their land in South Africa
    (B) have only one single man and woman as their earliest ancestors
    (C) have a unique genetic line in their male descendants
    (D) can find their history reflected in the Bible
20. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?
    (A) The Khoisan people are one of the earliest and advanced civilizations in the world.
    (B) The biblical account of human history is based on the ethnic groups in South Africa.
    (C) The investigation of genetic traits reveals that the earliest human ancestors are from South Africa.
    (D) Homo erectus and Homo sapiens are both the ancestors of the human race.