【中考英语语法汇总】动词语法讲解
(一)动词概述
动词是表示人或事物的动作、存在、变化的词。分析95年至今的中考不难发现,动词部分主要考查学生对主动结构中各个时态的运用。一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时和现在完成时出现的概率较高。而被动语态主要是考一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时和情态动词的被动语态。
(二)基础知识梳理
1.动词的种类
根据其词义和其在谓语中的作用可分为实义动词、助动词和情态动词。根据其在句子中的功用可分为及物动词和不及物动词,连系动词界于两者之间。
1)实义动词:意义完全,能独立用作谓语。如:enable,watch,run,open等。
2)连系动词:是一个表示谓语关系的动词。它必须在后面接表语(通常为名词或形容词)。如:seem,look,smell,taste,sound,get,become,turn,be等。
3)助动词:本身没有词汇意义。不能单独用作谓语。在句中与实义动词一起构成各种时态、语态、语气以及否定和疑问结构。如:do,does,did等。
4)情态动词:词义不完全。在句中不能单独作谓语,只能与实义动词一起构成谓语。如:can,may,must,need,ought to等。
2.动词的时态:
时态 |
常用的提示语 |
一般现在时 |
always,usually,sometimes,often,every,once a week,in the morning,in December,in spring,on Mondays等。 |
一般过去时 |
ago,just now,before 2005,yesterday,last Friday,once,the other day,those days,once upon a time,long before等。 |
一般将来时 |
tomorrow,the coming... ,in the future,next Tuesday,in two hours,some day,soon,before long,this evening等。 |
现在进行时 |
now,at the moment,look,listen,be quite,these days,still等。 |
过去进行时 |
this time yesterday,at that time,from 9 to 11 last Friday,when,while等。 |
现在完成时 |
since,for,already,yet,just,in the past few years/ months,in the last few weeks/months/days等。 |
过去完成时 |
by the end of last term/month/year,by yesterday,by 2004,by last Monday等。 |
过去将来时 |
大都出现在主句动词为一般过去时的宾语从句中。 |
有些动词所表示的动作即便在说话时正在进行,也不能用进行时。这些动词通常表示情感、想法、感觉或所属。
表示情感的动词:like,dislike,love,hate.
表示想法的动词:believe,know,want,mean,understand,remember.
表示感觉的动词:feel,see,hear,taste,smell.
表示所属的动词:belong,own,have.
有些动词常用进行时表示将来,如:come,go,leave,arrive。
3.动词的被动语态
英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。只有及物动词才有被动语态。它的基本结构为:助动词be+及物动词的过去分词。所有的时态变化在助动词be上。以动词sing为例。
时态/语态 |
主动语态 |
被动语态 |
一般现在时 |
Jay sings many songs every year. |
Many songs are sung by Jay every year. |
一般过去时 |
Jay sang many songs last year. |
Many songs were sung by Jay last year. |
一般将来时 |
Jay will sing/ is going to sing many songs this year. |
Many songs will be sung/are going to be sung by Jay this year. |
现在进行时 |
Jay is singing an English song. |
An English song is being sung by Jay. |
过去进行时 |
Jay was singing a song just now. |
A song was being sung by Jay just now. |
现在完成时 |
Jay has sung lots of songs in the past few years. |
Lots of songs have been sung by Jay in the past few years. |
过去完成时 |
Jay had sung plenty of songs by last year. |
Plenty of songs had been sung by Jay by last year. |
过去将来时 |
Jay said he would sing more songs in the future. |
Jay said more songs would be sung in the future. |
情态动词的被动语态为:情态动词+助动词be+及物动词的过去分词。