Why do the less we know and more we believe we know?
为什么我们知道的越少而我们相信的越多？

The problem with this unrealistic perception is that to do something good, we must have at least a minimum of skills and competencies that allow us to accurately estimate what our performance will be.

这种不切实际的看法的问题在于，要做一件好事，我们必须至少具有最低限度的技能和能力，才能使我们准确地估计自己的表现。

For example, a person may think that he sings beautifully because he does not know anything of music and the skills needed to control the tone of the voice and follow the rhythm. So he will say that he “sings like an angel” when he actually has a terrible voice.

例如，一个人可能认为自己唱歌优美，是因为他对音乐一无所知，也不了解控制声音和跟随节奏所需的技能。因此他会说，当他实际上嗓音很差时，他“像天使一样唱歌”。

The same applies to spelling, if we do not know the spelling rules, we cannot know where we are wrong and therefore we will not be aware of our limits, which will lead us to think that we do not make spelling mistakes.

拼写也是如此，如果我们不知道拼写规则，就无法知道哪里出了问题，因此我们不会意识到自己的局限性，这会使我们认为我们没有犯错。

Indeed, the Dunning-Kruger effect can be seen in all aspects of life. A study at the University of Wellington showed that 80% of drivers considered being above the average, which, of course, is statistically impossible.

确实，邓宁-克鲁格效应可以在生活的各个方面看到。惠灵顿大学的一项研究表明，有80％的驾驶员被认为高于平均水平，这在统计学上当然是不可能的。

This cognitive bias has also been seen in the field of psychology. It is the case of people who argue that “the best psychologist it’s me” simply because they are completely unaware of how they could be helped by this professional figure and the complexity of the various psychological techniques.

这种认知上的偏见也已经在心理学领域出现。人们之所以说“是我最好的心理学家”，是因为他们完全不知道这个专业人士如何为他们提供帮助以及各种心理技巧的复杂性。

In practice, we think we know everything we need to know. And this turns us into closed pople and with prejudices expressing opinions as absolute truths.

实际上，我们认为我们知道我们需要知道的一切。这使我们变成封闭的平民，并且偏见将意见表达为绝对真理。

How to minimize the Dunning-Kruger effect, for our own good
为了我们自己的利益，如何最小化邓宁-克鲁格效应（达克效应）

We all make mistakes for calculation errors, knowledge and foresight. The story is full of epic mistakes, like the iconic Tower of Pisa, which began to tilt before the end of the construction. Only a few years ago, the French government spent 15,000 million Euros in a fleet of 2,000 new trains, so it found that they were too long for 1,200 stations of the country, and consequently had to invest even more to adapt those stations.

我们都会因计算错误，知识和远见而犯错误。这个故事充满了史诗般的错误，例如标志性的比萨斜塔，在建造结束之前就开始倾斜了。仅在几年前，法国政府就斥资150亿欧元购买了2,000列新火车，因此对于该国1200个车站而言，它们的时间太长了，因此不得不投入更多资金来适应这些车站。

In our daily lives we can be mistaken for lack of experience and for overestimating our capabilities. Errors are not negative and we must not escape them, but we can turn them into learning tools, but we must not stumble on the same stone continuously because it would be very frustrating.

在我们的日常生活中，我们可能会因为经验不足和高估自己的能力而被误认为是错误的。错误不是消极的，我们不能逃避它们，但是我们可以将它们变成学习工具，但是我们也不能不断地在同一块石头上绊倒，因为这会非常令人沮丧。

In fact, we must pay attention to this cognitive distortion, because incompetence and lack of self-criticism will not only lead us to wrong conclusions, but will also make us make the wrong decisions that will end up damaging us.

实际上，我们必须注意这种认知上的扭曲，因为无能和缺乏自我批评不仅会导致我们得出错误的结论，而且还会使我们做出错误的决定，从而最终损害我们。

This means that in some cases the responsibility for “failures and mistakes” that we commit throughout our lives is not dependent on others or misfortune, but depends on the wrong assessment we make of ourselves.

这意味着在某些情况下，我们一生中对“失败和错误”承担的责任并不取决于他人或不幸，而是取决于我们对自己做出的错误评估。

To minimize the Dunning-Kruger effect and not transform you into a person who expresses opinions on everything without knowing anything, it is enough that you apply these simple rules:

为了最大程度地减少达克效应并且不使您变成一个对任何事情都不发表任何意见的人，只需应用以下简单规则即可：

– Be at least aware of the existence of this cognitive bias

–至少要意识到这种认知偏差的存在

– Leave a space for doubt, for the different ways of thinking and doing things

–为不同的思维方式和处事方式留出疑问的空间

– Always express your opinions in respect for the others. No matter how confident you are in your opinion, do not try to impose it

–始终表达对他人的尊重。无论您有多自信，都不要强加于人

We must remember that no one is familiar with all the subjects of the knowable, we all have defects and ignore many things. Therefore, the better is to deal with life with humility and the attitude of the apprentice.　

我们必须记住，没有人熟悉可知的所有主题，我们都有缺陷并且忽略了许多事情。因此，最好以谦逊和学徒的态度来对待生活。


注：达克效应（D-K effect），全称为邓宁-克鲁格效应（Dunning-Kruger effect）。  它是一种认知偏差现象，指的是能力欠缺的人在自己认识不足的基础上得出错误结论，但是无法正确认识到自身的不足，察觉到自己的错误行为。这些能力欠缺者们沉浸在自我营造的虚幻的优势之中，常常高估自己的能力水平，却无法客观评价他人的能力。