3.动词的时态


态 基本用法 常与之连用的时间状语 例句
一般现在时态 习惯性或常发生的动作或存在的状态 in the morning / evening / afternoon,
every day / month/year / morning.

sometimes, often, always, usually, frequently, eldom, ever, never, once,in a while, from time to time, today, these days, this week / month / year, now, etc He reads French every morning.
表能力,性格,特征等 Joan is a nice person.
普遍真理的表述 The moon turns round the earth.
剧本、图、文的解说 The scene changes back to the park.
按时刻表,计划决定好了的事 The train leaves at 8:00.
在“时间,条件,方式,让步状语从句”中表“将来”动作 I’ll call you as soon as I get the park.
You won’t be able to pass the exam unless you work hard.
一般过去时态 具体的过去时间里发生的动作或存在的状态 ...ago,just now,in 1976/1989,
yesterday
last Sunday / month / week / year, the day before yesterday, the other day,once, in those days / years,once upon a time, earlier, this month / week / year, then, sometimes, often, always, etc. Mary was here a moment ago.
过去常发生的动作或存在的状态,特征 He often went to Shanghai last year.
在“虚拟语气”中表“现在/将来”的情况 He talks as if he were my teacher.
在“委婉”用语中表“现在/将来”,常与“could/would”连用在“时间,条件,让步”等状语从句中表“过去将来” I hoped you could help me.
They planned to go out if it was fine the next day.
一般将来时态 shall(’ll)用于第一人称will(’ll)用于各人称,表示“将会”“意愿” tomorrow, in 2010, next morning / year / week / month / time, in turn, soon, before long, in the year, to come, from now on,one day, some day, from now on, sometime in the future, in a few hours / days, the day after tomorrow, this evening, this afternoon, etc. I shall do it tomorrow morning.
She’ll have to go there by herself.
“am/is/are going to+v.原”表“即将发生,打算做” It looks as if it’s going to rain.
“is/am/are doing”表“计划,安排” He’s leaving for Guangdong tomorrow.
“is/am/are about to+v.原”“表即将就要发生/做” She is about to go to school.
“is/am/are to+v.原” “表计划决定,要求,命令,传达命令指示等” You are to stay in the hotel.
Your boyfriend told you.
过去将来时态 “should+v.原/would+v.原”表过去预计将要发生的动作或存在的状态”。常用于从句或引语中 常用于状语从句、名词性从句或间接引语中。 She said she would vote for me.
She said she wouldn’t vote for me.
“were/was going to+v.原”表“过去即将发生或打算要做” She said it was going to rain soon.
“was/were+v.-ing”表“过去的计划,安排” I wondered when the plane was arriving.
“was/were about to+v.” 原表“过去即将,就要” I was about to go out when the phone rang.
“was/were to+v.原”表“过去的计划决定,要求命令等” He told us they were to hold a meeting the next day.
现在进行时态 说话时正进行的动作 now, at present, these days,
this morning / week / month, during this season, Look! Listen! etc.
always, constantly, frequently, all the time He is playing basketball now.
现阶段正进行的动作 I’m writing a book these days.
表“计划安排好的将来动作” She’s flying to Paris tomorrow.
表“反复经常”的动作,常与always等连用,有责备,高兴等较浓的感情色彩。 They are always talking in meeting.
He is constantly leaving things about.
在here/there引起的句子中可用“一般现在时”表进行。 Here comes the bus.
过去进行时态 过去某一时刻正进行的动作 this time yesterday, at that time, then,
all morning, at that moment, the whole
night, during…, when I came in, etc What were you doing at that moment?
过去某一阶段正进行的动作 Last year we were building the library.
在过去看来即将发生的动作 He wondered whether she was leaving.
现在完成时态 过去开始的动作/状态一直延续到现在 since+时间点/…ago/从句;for+时段;in the past/last five years
once, twice, three times, many times
before, ever, never so far,by now, lately, recently, just, already, yet I have lived here for six years.
在现在为止一个动作状态已多次发生 I’ve seen the film four times.
到现在为止时的一动作状态经历 I’ve never been to America.
过去完成的动作对现在还有影响 He has just come back.


4.动词的语态:
动词的语态有主动语态(主语是动作的发出者)和被动语态(主语是动作的承受者)。被动语态由be/get(助动词)+过去分词构成,be/get体现时态变化。主动变被动时,时态保持不变;动作的执行者由“by短语”表示;get+过去分词侧重动作的效果,通常不与表示一段时间的状语连用,其一般现在时/一般过去时变否定式,疑问时要借助助动词。
They make bikes.
Bikes are made by them.
When did she get married?
How did the window get broken?
注意:
(1)不及物动词一般没有被动语态。
The sun sets in the west.
易错的常见的不用被动语态的不及物动词有:rise, set, happen, break out, take place, fall, lie, die, etc.
(2)主动句带双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的句子,可将“间接宾语”或“直接宾语”变成被动语态的主语,还有一个宾语叫保留宾语。一般将“间接宾语”变为被动句的主语。当变直接宾语为被动句的主语时,要在保留宾语(间接宾语)前加一个介词to(给,表方向)或for(替)。
My mother gave me a book.
I was given a book(by my mother).
A book was given to me(by my mother).
(3)主动句带有复合宾语时,变为被动句时宾语补足语保留在谓语动词之后,改称为“主语补足语”即主补。当宾补是不带to的不定式时,被动句中原省略的to要加上。
The boss made us work ten hours a day.
We were made to work ten hours a day(by the boss).
(4)含有“动-介/动-副/动-副-介”等短语动词的句子,变成被动语态时,要把这些短语看成一个整体(相当于一个动词),不能漏掉任何词。
The nurses look after the patients well.
The patients are looked after well(by the nurses).
(5)含有“动-名-介”型短语动词的主动句变为被动句时,也可将其中的名词变为被动句的主语。
He paid much attention to his pronunciation.
Much attention was paid to his pronunciation(by him).
His pronunciation was paid much attention to(by him).
(6)被动语态与系表结构的区别:
被动语态,表“动作”,用相应的时态,时态变化比较丰富。
系表结构,表“性质”,常用一般时态。
The glass was broken by Tom yesterday.
The glass was broken.
That book was written by a teacher.
That book is well written.
(九)构词法
1.概念及种类:
英语单词的构成有一定的规律,这些规律叫构词法。主要有四种:合成、转化、派生和缩略。常见的是前三种。见下图。

种类 构成方法 例词
合成 由两个或两个以上的词合成为一个词 Classroom,newspaper,blackboard
Schoolmate,newly-born,hard-working
转化 由一词类转化为另一词类 taste,answer,back,hand,empty
派生 在词根上加前缀或后缀 care,careful,carefully
careless carelessness carelessly

2.高中阶段主要构词方法归纳:派生法和合成法
(1)派生法
①常用前缀

表“否定” un- unfair unable unlikely
in- impossible incapable
dis- discover disagree dislike dishonest
表“重复” re- rewrite retell repeat reconsider

②常用后缀

类型
加法 后缀意义 例词



缀 -er/or
-tion
-ese
-ist
-ing
-ment
-ness
-ian “动作的执行者”
变成了名词
“…地方的人”
“人”
名词化
名词化
变为名词
变为“…的人” teacher visitor inventor
organization congratulation invention
Chinese Japanese
pianist scientist violinist
living greeting wedding
movement treatment
happiness illness sickness carelessness
Australian



缀 -ify
-ice
-ise
-en 使…变… beautify
realise organise
sacrifice
lengthen strengthen




缀 -able
-ful
-y
-ive
-al
-an 可…的,能…的
充满…的
带有…的
有…特征的
属于…的
…的 suitable comfortable movable
beautiful careful useful
sunny,windy,cloudy,snowy,sleepy,salty
active,instructive
musical medical physical
American European Australian
-ly 副词后缀 carefully really certainly



缀 -teen 表“十三至十九” fourteen fifteen nineteen
-ty 表“二十、三十…七十” forty sixty eighty
-th 表“第几” fourth sixtieth ninth

(2)合成法:
police+man=policeman play+ground=playground
birth+day=birthday after+noon=afternoon
hand+bag=handbag every+where=everywhere
bed+room=bedroom no+where=nowhere
hand+writing=handwriting any+where=anywhere
grand+parent=grandparent how+ever=however
what+ever=whatever


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