注意：
（1）形容词最高级前要用the,而副词最高级前的the可省。
（2）下面这些词的比较等级可在后面加-er/-est或在前面加more/most构成。
cruel, often, able, clear, clever, correct, dear, free, friendly, happy, handsome, likely, lively, pleasant, right, simple, quiet, solid, strange, strict, stupid, wrong, etc.

5. 形容词、副词比较等级常用的句型及用法：

类别 用法及意义 句型结构 例句
原级 没有比较 very / so / quite / too, etc. +原级 It was very warm yesterday.
二者比较程度相同 as+原级+as+比较对象 You are as clever as Mike.
一方是另一方的几倍 ...times as+原级+as+比较对象 This bridge is five times as long as that one.
二者比，程度不同 ...not as+原级+as+比较对象 You are not as tall as he.
二者比，前者不如后者 ...not so+原级+as+比较对象 Math isn’t so hard as physics.
比

较

级 二者比，一方比另一方更… 比较级+than... You’re younger than Tom.
二者比，A比B…得多， much / a lot /a little, rather,
a great deal It’s much hotter today than it was yesterday.
A比B甚至还要…/一点 a bit/far/even/still/a little, etc.+比较级+than He’s still stronger than Jack.
He’s far older than you.
表“越来越…” 比较级+and+同一比较级 She’s getting fatter and fatter.
表“越…就越…” the+比较级+…，
the+比较级+…， The more you ask, the more you’ll
understand.
A比B（高，长…）多少倍 ...times+比较级+than This line is four times longer than that one.
在二者中哪个是更…的那个 Which / Who is the+比较级+of the two? Who is the taller of the twins?
哪个更…，A还是B？ Which/Who+谓+比较级，A or B? Who runs faster, Lily or Mary?
表“越来越…” 比较级and+另一比较级+than+… He’s getting healthier and stronger than his brother.
表“比…更少”或“不如…” less+原级或名词+than Tom made less mistakes than Jack.
This story is less interesting than that one.
She’s less rich than he.
表“与其说”，“不如…”，“不止…” more+原级+than She is more hard-working than clever.
more+名词+than Mr.Smith is more an artist than a teacher.
more+than+原级/名词 She’s more than a teacher.
She’s more than tired.
表“并不比某某…”或“与某某一样不…” no+比较级+than… She’s no taller than you.
最高级 三者或三者以上比较“某某最…” (the)+最高级+of+复数名词 He runs fastest of the boys.
在某区域的“最…” (the)+最高级+in+单数集体名词或地点 He is the tallest in his class.
“在三者或三者以上当中最…之一” one of the+最高级+复数名词+… She’s one of the best students in this class.
“第几大/长…” the+序数词+最高级(+名词)+in+区域 It is the second longest river in the world.
“三者以上当中谁/哪个最…” Which/Who+谓语+（the）最高级，A、B、C or D? Who jumps highest, Tom,Jack or Smith?

(七)冠词
1．冠词的概念及种类：

分类 含义 形式 例词 说明
不定冠词 表示“一”，强调类别 a a pen 用于单数可数名词前，表泛指
an an Englishman
定冠词 this这
that那
these这些
those那些 the the bike
the water
the empty box 用于各类名词前，表特指

2．不定冠词a/an的用法：
用 法 举 例
用于单数可数名词前，指类别 Joan is an English teacher.
用于单数可数名词前，泛指某人或物 There’s a letter for you.
用于指初次提到某人/物 She has a dog.
指某类物或人中的“任何一个” A horse runs fast.
用在不可数名词前表“一次/场/”或“一个/种人或物” I would like a coffee.
用于时间、度量衡名词前表“每一” He has two meals a day.
用于某些习惯用语或固定词组中 as a result(of),have a rest
have a chat,in a hurry
have a word with sb.
a little,a lot(of),a pair of
a cup of,a great deal of

3.定冠词the的常见用法：
用法 例 句
用在序数词前 Tom is always the first to get to school.
用在形容词最高级前 Is it the most difficult lesson in this term?
特指双方都知道的人/物 Did you go to the hospital just now?
指前面出现的人/物 He has a dog.The dog is named Huzi.
指世上独一无二的事物前 The sun rises in the east.
用在被修饰限定的人/物前 Do you know the boy talking with our teacher?
乐器、文娱等名称前 She plays the piano.
注：play football (football前不加the)
“年代”数词前 In the 1960’s China is in disorder.
“方位、方向”名词前 Please turn to the left.
用在姓氏复数前表一家人或夫妇 The Smiths are having dinner.
用在某些形容词，表一类人/物 The English are friendly.
用在阶级、机构、党派的名词前 America is a member of the United Nations.
江河、海湖、海湾、海峡、群岛、山脉等的名词前 The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
在固定搭配中 by the way,in the end

八、动词
1.动词的概念及种类 动词是表示动作或状态的词，按在句中的功用分为以下四种：
类别 用法及意户 例词 例句与说明
实
义
动
词 及物动词（vt.） 表动作或状态，有完整词义，后接宾语，能单独作谓语 like, enjoy,
watch, want She likes watching TV.
Do you enjoy listening to music?
不及物动词(vi.) 表动作或状态，有完整词义，后接宾语，能单独作谓语 rise, come, arrive, happen That story happened last year.
When did Tom arrive?
连系动词 本身有词义，但须与表语一起构成谓语 表示“是”，“仍是” be, stay, remain She remains a teacher.
表“变得” become, get, grow, fall, go,turn It’s getting warm.
表“听/看/闻/摸/尝 起来” sound / look / smell / feel / taste That sounds a good idea.
It tastes delicious.
表“似乎”,“好象” seem,appear He seems all right.
助动词 本身无意义不单独作谓语 谓语动词是单独的行为动词，在一般现在时/过去时的句中帮助构成否定或疑问 Do, Does, Did(位于句首构成一般问句) Does he speak English?
Yes, he does.
No, he doesn’t.
He doesn’t speak English.
don’t / doesn’t / didn’t(位于谓语动词前来表否定) Jane didn’t go to school yesterday.
与doing连用构成进行时 be (not) doing She is doing her homework now.
与done连用构成被动语态 be done The tree was planed last year.
与done连用构成完成时 have / has / had done She has gone back.
后接动词原形构成将来时 will/ shall do I shall do it.
情态动词 本身有意义，但不能单独作谓语，与主要动词原形一起表示说话人的语气，情态，没有人称、数的变化。 表“能够” can/could(没其他形式)
be able to(有各种时态与形式) Jane could swim when she was six.
I’ll be able to speak French next year.
表“许可” may(较正式)
can(口语) You may smoke here.
“can’t”不可以；“may not”不可以
表“请求许可” can/could(用于一、二人称)
may/might(用于第一人称) Can you help me?
May I help you?=Can I help you?
表“可能” can/could
may/might(不用于问句) “can’t”只用于否定
“may not / might not”不可能
表“必须” must
have to(可有各种时态) “mustn’t”意为“不可以”，表禁止
“don’t/doesn’t have to”意为“不必”
表“应该” should,ought to有义务
be supposed to shouldn’t/oughtn’t to不应该
are not supposed to不应该
表“一定” must Tom must be late.
表“需要” need 作情态动词时常用于否定句，疑问句或条件从句
作行为动词时，常用于肯定句
表“敢”
表“请求指示” dare
shall I / we / he…？ —“Shall I open the door”?
—“Sure,please.”
Where shall we meet?
表“向对方提出请求” Will / Would you please? —“Will you please open the door?”
—“Sure.”
询问对方的意思 Would you like to…? —“Would you like to try one more.”
—“No,thank you.”
表说话人的意愿 shall You shall be back at ten。
“命令、允诺、强制”等，用于二、三人称 He shall obey the rules.
表“意愿”，用于各人称 will/would I will answer the phone.
表“过去常常习惯于” used to 过去曾有的动作/状态；过去的习惯，此时相当于would；表次数时不用。
would 表过去动作的重复，有明确的时间状语；表过去的次数时不用。
表“祝愿” may May you succeed.

2．动词的基本形式及变化规则如下表：

情况/形式 原形 现在分词 过去式 过去分词
一般情况 talk 加-ing
talking 加-ed
talked 加-ed
talked
以e结尾 remove 去e加-ing
removing 加-d
removed 加-d
removed
以辅音字母加-y结尾 carry 加-ing
carrying 改y为i加-ed
carried 改y为i再加-ed
carried
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节单词 stop 双写结尾辅音字母加-ing
stopping
双写结尾辅音字母再加-ed
stopped 双写结尾辅音字母再加-ed
stopped
以s,x,sh,ch[t]结尾的词 watch 加-ing
watching 加-ed
watched 加-ed
watched
以ie结尾的词 tie 改ie为y再加-ing
tying 加-d
tied 加-d
tied



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