PETS五级语法精讲（三）

序号 用法特点 举 例
1 前面要加the He’s always the first to get to meeting-room.
2 前面用a/an表“又一，再一” He’d better try a fourth time.

(五)介词
1.介词的概念及分类：介词是一种虚词，不能单独在句中充当成分，要与宾语一起构成介词短语才可在句中充当成分。介词按形式分为简单介词、复合介词、短语介词、特殊介词和双重介词。

分类 例 词
按
形
式
分 简单介词 at, about, above, after, as, but, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, like, near, off, of, on, opposite, over, past, round, since, through, till, to, under, until, up, besides, between, beyond, with, across, against, along, among, around, before, behind, below, beside
复合介词 inside, outside, onto, into, toward(s), upon, within, without
短语介词 along with, together with, according to, ahead of, as for, as to, because of, due to, except for, owing to, out of, up to, by means of, by the side of, by way of, in front of, in spite of, as far as
特殊介词 concluding, regarding, considering, save
双重介词 until after, until before, Saturday, except, on duty
按
功
能
分 空间（地方、位置、方向、范围、界限、包括、排除） about, above, across, after, against, along, among, (a)round, at, before, behind, with, below, beneath, beside, besides, between, upon, save, beyond, but, by, concerning, down, on, out of, outside, over, past, through, throughout, towards, under, up
时间 after, before, as, between, by, during, for, from, in, on, over, past, till, until, up to, within, through, throughout
原因理由根源（目的，内容等） about, according to, as, because of，due to，owing to，on acount of, from, of, on, with, regarding, concerning, considering, through, by, under, for

2．容易混淆的介词：

区别 讲解 例句
表
时
间
的
介
词 at, on, in at表示“在几点几分”（单位最小）；on表示“在具体的某一天或某天上午（下午晚上等）”；
in表示“在几天、周、月、年”。 I get up at six o’clock.
It happened on a spring morning.
There are seven days in a week.
in the morning / evening / afternoon；at noon / night / dawn / sunrise / sunset / lunch / dinner / supper, etc.
during, for, in for后加一个“表时间段的具体单位（常用复数）”；during强调“持续”或“某活动”期间；in指在一段时间内。 She has lived here for six years.
He was in English during the war.
In those days he was poor.
till, until till/until构成的短语修饰“持续性动词”，“非持续性动词”要用“否定式”。 They waited till/until 10:00.
They didn’t leave until/till 10:00.
after, since “after+时刻或时段”，“…以后”，终点时间在过去或将来；而“since+时间点”，“自从…以来”，终点在说话的时刻。 She’ll be back after eight o’clock.
She’s lived here since 2002.
in, after “in+时段”，“…以后”，用于将来时；“after+时刻或时段”，“…以后”可用于将来时或过去时。 He’ll leave after 11:00.
He left after 11:00.
She left after a few hours.
She’ll be back in half an hour.
表
空
间
位
置
及
方
向
方
位
的
介
词 at, on, in at指一个“点”或“小地方”；
in指一个“地区”或“大地方”空间内；on在某一平面或线上面。 They arrived at the village at ten.
Your pencil is in the desk.
Your pencil is on the desk.
on, above, over on“与物体接触”反义词为“beneath”；over“在…正上方”反义为“under”；above“在…的上方”反义词为“below”。 There’s a book on the desk and a pen beneath the book.
There’s a lamp over the desk and a bag under the table.
Jack’s bedroom is above mine on the second floor.
over, across, through across“表面跨过”；
through“从中间或从头至尾穿过”；
over“从上空越过”。 He’s swimming across the river.
They walked through the forest.
A plane is flying over the city.
at, beside, by, next to, near at靠得“最近”；
beside“在并排一条线上”；
by“在并排一条线上”；
next to“在顺序上紧靠旁边”；
near 靠得“最远”，不表明确方向或顺序。 Let’s meet at the school gate.
The building beside the library is the shopping center.
The boy standing by my side is from Shanghai.
Who’s sitting next to/beside Mr.Steve?
about, round, around. about表示周围是随意的，不规则的；round或around(二者无多大差别)的周围则是较完整的一个圈。 Don’t leave the toys about the meeting-room.
They are sitting round/around the table.
to, for, at to “运动的方向，目的地”；
for “动身出发的目的地”；
at “有意攻击的目标”。 Throw it to me.
He’ll leave for Shanghai.
He threw the ball at that boy.
up, down up指“往上，往北，大地方，靠拢”；
down指“向下，往南，向小地方，往开走”但在一市区，去中心区用down,去郊区等用up。 They are going up the hill.
They are going down river.
I’m going down town shopping.
on, in, to in表“在某地区内”；
on表“接壤”；
to表“在某地区以外”。 Shanghai is in the south of China.
Hunan lies on the north of Guangdong.
Xichang lies to the south west of Chengdu.
between,among between指“两者之间”；
among指“在三者以上之间”。 There’s a river between the two villages.
There’s a small house among the trees.
besides
except
except for
except that
but
but for besides“除…之外还有，”实际不排除；
except“除…外”表“排除”，不放在句首；
except for表整体肯定补充细节，表除去整体中的一部分；
except that“除了…外”，后接从句；
but通常与all, no, every, where, who what及有些它们的合成词连用；but for“要不是”，后面句子常用虚拟语气。 I love music besides sports.
The house is never used except in winter.
The bus is empty except for an old woman.
I don’t know Peter except that he’s an Japanese.
There’s nothing but a chair in the room.
But for your help,I wouldn’t have finished my homework.
表
原
因
的
介
词 of
for
from/out of
from
at of常与fond, proud, tired连用表情绪上的原因；
for表奖惩痛苦出名的原因，或内在心里的原因；
from/out of“出于某需要，动机，认识”等原因；
from还可指自然，直接的原因；
at常指感情上的原因。 I’m proud of having you as a friend.
He’s famous for his writing.
They are suffering from starvation.
She fell ill from drinking unclean water.
His mother is angry at his laziness.
表
方
式
的
介
词 by
on/in
with
in
through by表“用交通工具”或表“发出某动作”；
on/in表用某交通工具；
with用具体的“工具、材料”或伴随“抽象事物”；
in用原料或语言；
through通过具体过程，途径，手段，中介。 I go to school by bus.
I go to school on a bike.
I write with a pen.
Can you say it in English?
I learned it through a friend.

(六)形容词、副词
1．形容词修饰名词/代词；副词修饰形容词、副词、动词或整个句子，在句中可充当定语、状语、补语、表语。
序号 功用 词类 位置用法 例词/例句
1 定语 形容词 在中心词前 He’s a small Japanese boy.
副词 在中心词后 I’ve got used to the life here.
2 状语 形容词 句首/中，表原因/时间
句末/中，表伴随/结果 Tired and thirsty, we stopped to have a rest.
He lay in bed, awake.
副词 在被修饰词前、后修饰全句，位置灵活 You are quite right.
Sometimes he goes to school on foot.
3 表语 形容词
副词 系动词后 He is tired.
They are out.
4 补语 形容词 作主补在谓语后
作宾补在宾语后 The little boy was found dead.
He find it very useful.
副词 作主补在谓语后
作宾补在宾语后 She was seen out.
Let me show you out.

注意：
（1）the/these/those+形容词表示一类人/物；成对的形容词这样用时可省去the。
The rich are not always happy.
High and low all like this flower.
（2）“enough足够的”作定语时既可放在中心词前也可放在中心词后；但作副词时只能后置。
We have enough food to eat.
We have food enough to eat.
It’s warm enough.
（3）许多以前缀a-构成的形容词常作后置定语，这样的形容词有：awake, alone, alive, afraid, alike, asleep, ashamed等。
It is a book worth reading.
Do you know the man asleep over there?
（4）形容词修饰由some/any/no/every与one/body/thing构成的复合不定代词时，要后置。
I have something important to tell you.
（5）形容词（与其他词组/语构成的）短语作定语时要后置。
English is a language difficult to master.
（6）几个副词作状语并列时，位置一般按方式→地点→时间顺序排列。
He came here by air yesterday.
（7）几个形容词并列作表语时，并列的词之间用逗号隔开，最后两个词之间用and(but/yet)等连接，并列词的先后顺序较灵活（有时将强调的词放在最后）。
He is tall,dark and handsome.

2. 形容词、副词比较等级的构成及形式：

规

则

变

化 构 成 形 式
原级 比较级 最高级
单音节词和少数以-er, -ow, -le, -y结尾的双音节词 一般 tall 加-er taller 加-est tallest
以不发音e结尾 noble 加-r nobler 加-st noblest
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节 wet
big 双写最后辅音字母再加-er wetter
bigger 双写最后辅音字母再加-est wettest
biggest
辅音字母加-y结尾的词 easy
heavy 改y为i再加-er easier
heavier 改y为i再加-est easiest
heaviest
多音节词，多数双音节词及部分加-ly等变来或由分词变来的词 delicious
slowly
tired
tiresome 词前加more more delicious
more slowly
more tired
more tiresome 词前加most most delicious
most slowly
most tired
most tiresome
不

规

则

变

化 good
well better best
bad/ill
badly worse worst
many
much more most
little less least
old elder eldest
older oldest
far farther farthest
further furthest
late later latest
latter last