《高考英语陷阱题分类研究》节选

《高考英语陷阱题分类研究》节选  【说明】本文稿将各类典型高考英语陷阱题按照其陷阱特征分为十三类，即思维定势型、语境忽略型、想当然型、母语干拢型、结构误配型、规则硬套型、句型混乱型、词义误解型、成分省略型、插入隔离型、词性误用型、知识死角型等。下面摘录的其中的一小部分： 类型三   所谓想当然，即凭主观推测认为事情大概如此或应该如此。既然是凭主观作出的推测，自然就难免有出错的时候。有趣的是，犯想当然错误的不仅仅是我们的同学们，有时也可能是教师甚至专家们。我们首先来看一例专家犯的想当然错误：国内不少词典曾把 eat one’s words 我们首先来看一例专家犯的想当然错误：国内不少词典曾译为“食言”，但是我们查《现代汉语词典》,“食言”指不履行诺言或失信，而英语中eat one's words是什么意思呢? 我们查《朗文当代英语词典》，eat one's words的意思 to admit to having said something wrong (的意思承认说过错误的话)；再查《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》(第四版)，eat one's words 的意思是 to admit that what one said was wrong（承认自己说错话）。很显然，将 eat one’s words 译为汉语的“食言”食言是不对的，是想当然译出来的。笔者曾在一本杂志读过这样一个笑话，说的是一位英国著名的翻译家在翻译我国的古典名著《水浒传》时，遇上了这样一句“放你妈的狗屁”，他竟想当地将其译为Your mother passes wind like a dog (你妈妈放屁像狗一样)，真是天大的笑话。下面我们再来看看同学经常犯的想当然错误吧：◇Every minute should be made full use of _________ the lessons.A. to study                B. study                    C. studying               D. studied【说明】一看题干，许多同学会想当然地认为此题肯定选C，因为空格前有介词 of，其后的动词 study 用作介词 of 的宾语，当然要用动名词。你真的这样认为吗？那你就错了。◇_________ is hard is to do good all one’s life and never do anything bad.A. He                       B. It                         C. That                     D. What【说明】此题的最佳答案是B吗？句首应填一个形式主语 it 吗？如果你这样想，又错了。为什么？本节为同学们搜集了不少想当然错误的典型例题，快快往下读吧。◆If a book is in English, _________ means slow progress for you.A. as                        B. which                  C. what                    D. that【分析】此题容易误选 A或B，想当然地根据空格前的逗号认为这是非限制性定语从句。这样分析的同学，主要是忽略了前一句句首的 if。其实此题应选D，逗号前是一个条件状。其实此题应选that 在此代表前文所述的意思，用作主句的主语。同样地，下面几题也应选 that，而不选 which：(1) If he’s only interested in your looks, _________ just shows how shallow he is.A. as                        B. which as                    C. what                    D. that(2) If you want to go, _________is quite all right with me. A. that                      B. which                   C. and it                   D. so(3) When I say two hours, _________ includes time for eating. A. as                        B. which                   C. what                    D. that(4) If you want a double room , _________ will cost another ￡15. A. as                        B. which                   C.  what                  D. that(5) If you have the money, _________ will be OK.A. as                        B. which                   C. and it                   D. that下例也选 that 而不选 which，其中 that 表示“那”：Unless I’m very much mistaken, _________ is my watch you’re wearing! A. as                        B. which                   C. what                    D. that  ◆_________ is hard is to do good all one’s life and never do anything bad.A. He                       B. It                         C. That                    D. What【分析】此题容易误选B，认为这是考查形式主语。其实，此题的正确答案是D，句首的 What is hard 是主语从句，注意 What is what is hard 后的谓语动词 is。假若没有此 is，则应选B，即说成 It is hard to do good all one's life and never do anything bad. 请做以下类似试题(答案均为C)：(1)  a. _________ is difficult to persuade her to stay.b. _________ is difficult is to persuade her to stay.A. It, It                     B. What, What          C. It, What               D. What, It(2)  a. _________ is interesting to watch children play games.b. _________ is interesting is to watch children play games.A. It, It                     B. What, What          C. It, What               D. What, It(3)  a. _________ is dangerous to play with fire.b. _________ is dangerous is to play with fire.A. It, It                     B. What, What          C. It, What               D. What, It ◆The chemistry teacher required the students _________ more attention _________ the lab clean. A. to pay, to keep                                    B. to paying, to keepingC. to pay, to keeping                                                               D. paying, keeping【分析】此题容易误选A，认为空白处应填两个不定式。其实正确答案是C，第一空填不定式，即套用 require sb to do sth (要求某人做某事)句型，而第二空则应填 to keeping，因为 pay attention to(注意)中的to 是介词，不是不定式符号，所以其后接动词时要用动中的to to 也是介词，不是不定式符号，后接动词时应用动名词，而不是动词原形：devote one’s time to doing sth 把某人的时间用于(奉献于)做某事be [get] used to doing sth习惯于做某事习惯于做某事be equal to doing sth 等于做某事，能胜任做某事What do you say to doing sth 你认为做某事怎么样be accustomed to doing sth 习惯于做某事look forward to doing sth 盼望做某事sth be opposed to doing sth 反对做某事object to doing sth反对做某事stick to doing sth 坚持做某事get down to doing sth 开始做某事get down to take to doing sth 喜欢上做某事admit to doing 承认做了某事pay attention to doing sth 注意做某事  ◆“Is your car equal _________ hers in speed?” “No, mine is faster. But my old one equals _________ hers in speed.”A. to, to                   B. 不填，不填        C. to, 不填              D. 不填，to【分析】此题容易误选A 或B，其实应选C。第一空前的equal 是形容词，用于be equal to 时，表示“等于”；第二空前的 equal 是动词，且为及物动词，意为“等于……”或“与……相等”，注意不要受形容词用法的影响，在用作动词的 equal 后误加介词 to。 ◆“Was it under the tree _________ you were away talking to a friend?” “Sure. But when I got back there, the bike was gone.A. that                     B. where                  C. which                  D. while【分析】此题很容易误选A，认为这是强调句型。其实此题的最佳答案是D。做好此题的关键是正确理解句中 it 的用法和意思。从上下文的语境来看，句中的 it 应是代词，指代 the bike，句意为：“当你离开去同朋友谈话的时候，你的自行车是在这树下吗?”“肯定是的，但当我回来时，自行车就不见了。”  ◆“What made her struggle _________ an artist so hard?” “_________ she was a woman.”A. became, 不填     B. to become, 不填  C. become, That     D. to become, That【分析】s New Roman'; mso-hans此题容易误选C，想当然地认为第一空应填 become (不带to)，是因为其前有使役动词 made。其实，此题应选D，在 What made her struggle to become an artist so hard? 一句中，what 是句子主语，made 是谓语，her struggle to become an artist 是宾语 (其中的不定式 to become an artist 是修饰her struggle 的定语)，so hard 是宾语补足语。许多同学误选C是将 her struggle 是将看作宾语，而将 become an artist 看作是宾语补足语，照此分析，so hard 又是什么成分呢？第二空填 That，用以引导主语从句 (此 that 不可省略)，其后的谓语和宾语等被省略，若补充完整，即为 That she was a woman made her struggle to become an artist so hard. ◆_________ doesn’t seem to have been much difficulty in solving the problem.A. It                        B. That                    C. There                  D. He【分析】许多同学一看选项便想当然地认为，这是考查形式主语 it 【分析】的用法，所以便毫不犹豫地选了A。同学们仔细想想看，假若此题选形式主语 it，那么真正的主语在哪儿呢？没有。其实，此题应选C，属 there be 句型一种比较复杂的表现形式，请看下面几个句子，它们均属there be 句型，但结构一个比一个复杂：There is much difficulty in solving the problem.There is much difficulty in solving the There seems to be much difficulty in solving the problem.There seems to have been much difficulty in solving the problem.There doesn’t seem to have been much difficulty in solving the problem.

以下各句用的是否是 there be句型，你看得出来吗?（答案均选B?）(1) There is going to _________ a class meeting tonightA. have                     B. be                        C. do                        D. attend(2) _________ used to be a big tree in front of the old house.A. It                         B. There                   C. They                    D. That(3) _________ happened to be a foreign teacher there.A. It                         B. There                   C. They                    D. That(4) There seems to _________ a storm soon.A. have                     B. be                        C. fall                       D. blow(5) _________ have been many such accidents here recently.A. It                         B. There                   C. They                    D. We(6) There must have _________ something wrong with the machine.A. gone                    B. been                     C. had                      D. done(7) _________ is said to be no life on the moon.A. It                         B. There                   C. That                     D. He ◆Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon. A. its                 y;       B. whose                  C. which                  D. that【分析】此题很容易误选B，许多同学会认为句中逗号后是一个非限制性的定语从句，whose 在定语从句中用作定语修饰其后的名词 owner。此分析从表面上看，似乎天衣无缝，但实质上是错的，原因是空格后根本不是一个句子，因为没有谓语。尽管句中有两个动词，但它们都是非谓语动词。也许有的同学认为，其中的。此分析从 seated 可视为谓语动词，但是注意，seat 用作动词时，它总是及物的，其后要么接宾语，要么它就用于被动语态，所以若在 seated 前加上助动词 is，则可以选择B（当然若将 seated 改为 sitting，也应选择B）。所以此题最佳答案选BA。请再看一个类似的例子：(1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages.A. it                         B. them                    C. which                  D. that(2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. it                         B. them                    C. which                  D. that第(1)应选B，而不能选C，是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词)，若选C，则该从句无谓语；第(2)应选C，因为句中有谓语 were translated。再请看下面一例：(3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. it                         B. them                    C. which                  D. that此题与上面的第(2)题不同，两句间多了一个并列连词and，说明这是一个并列句，故应选B，则不能选C。

请做做以下三题(答案均为B)：(1) There I met several people, two of _________ being foreigners.A. which                  B. them                    C. whom                  D. that(2) There I met several people, two of _________ were foreigners.A. which                  B. whom                  C. who                     D. that(3) There I met several people, and two of _________ were foreigners.A. which                  B. them                    C. whom                  D. that ◆The soldiers tried their best and did what they could _________ against the flood.A. fight                    B. to fight                C. fighting               D. fought【分析】有的同学一看到空格前的情态动词 could 就断定此处应填动词原形 fight，即断定选A答案。其实选错了，正确答案应是B。这是一个省略句，即在 could 后省略了动词 do，若把句子补完整应为 doThe soldiers tried their best and did what they could do to fight against the flood (士兵们竭尽全力抗洪)。即句中的不定式短语 (to fight against the flood) 用作目的状语的，而不是与情态动词(could)一起构成谓语。请再看类似例句：(1) He did what he could to help us. 他尽力帮助我们。 He saved what he could to buy a car. 他尽量节约每一分钱以便买车。(3) He ran as fast as he could to catch the early bus. 他拼命地跑以便赶上早班车。至此，有的同学可能又会想当然地认为，今后只要遇到类似结构的题选带to不定式就万事大吉了，但也不一定，例外还是有的，还得具体问题具体分析。请看下例：不定式就万事大吉了，但也不一定，例外还是有的，还0cm (4) He ran as fast as he could _________ to catch the early bus.A. to hope                 B. hope                     C. hoping                  D. hoped若根据以上“经验A答案，那就又错了。此题应选 C，其中的现在分词短语 hoping to catch the early bus 用作伴随状语。(5) He spent every minute he could _________ spoken English.A. practise       B. to practise             C. practising             D. practised此题应选 C，它与以上各题的情形均有所不同，虽然与上面的第(4)题的答案一样，均为动词的 –ing 形式，但也不完全一样：第(4)的 (4)为现在分词，在句中用作伴随状语；而此题的 practising 是动名词，之所以用它与前面动词 spent 的搭配有关，即 spend … (in) doing sth。若将此句补充完整，即为 He spent every minute he could spend in practising spoken English.(6) Mr Smith made up his mind to devote all he could _________ his oral English before going abroad. A. improve                B. to improve            C. improving             D. to improving此题答案选D，注意两点：一是 devote … to … 是固定搭配，意为“把……贡献给……”；二是其中的 to 是介词，不是不定式符号，后接动词时要用动名词。 ◆“Oh, how fat he is!” “But I think he is _________ than fat.”A. short                   B. shorter                C. more short   &nbp;       sp;      D. shortest【分析】此题容易误选B，认为 short为单音节形容词，故用-er构成比较级。其实正确答案应是C。要弄清此问题，得先从比较句型的两种不同类型说起：(1) 异类同质比较：即指两个不同的人或事物(异类)在同一方面(同质)进行比较。如：He is stronger than me. 他比我强壮。Our country is more powerful than theirs. 我们的国家比他们的国家更强大。(2) 同类异质比较：即指同一个人或事物(同类)在两个不同的方面(异质)进行比较(注意译文)：He is more brave than wise. 他有勇无谋。He’s more short than fat. 与其说他胖，不如说他矮。She is more lucky than clever. 与其说她聪明，不按英语习惯，在进行同类异质比较时，只能用more构成比较级，不能用-er形式，即使是单音节词也是如此。  ◆“Is he a man with good manners?” “No, he is _________ but polite.”A. anything          unt: 2.0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-sto;    B. anyone                C. anybody               D. anywhere【分析】此题容易误选B或C，因为句子主语指人，只有B、C才与之一致。其实，正确答案应选A。因为 anything but 是习语，意为“根本不是”或“一点也不”，不仅可用于事物，也可用于人。如：That old bridge is anything but safe. 那座桥一点也不安全。My income is anything but large.  我的收入绝对不算多。The fight is anything but finished. 战斗绝没有结束。Her father was anything but a poet. 她父亲根本不是诗人。Such a man was anything but a hero. 那样的人绝不算英雄。 ◆He likes living alone, and says that he wants to go and live in a place _________ nobody knows.A. where                  B. that                     C. when                   D. what【分析】有的同学一看到 place 是表示“地点”的名词，于是就毫不犹豫地选了A，但是错了，最佳答案应是B。表示“地点”的名词后到底是用” that 或 which 来引导定语从句，原则上应注意以下两点：一是看关系词的句法功能。由于 where 是关系副词，它在定语从句中用作状语，而that 和 which 是关系代词，它们在定语从句中用作主语或宾语。所以区别是关系副词还是关系代词的关键就是看定语从句是否缺主语或宾语，若缺主语或宾语则用关系代词，若不缺主语或宾语则which (1) This is the room _________I lived ten years ago.A. that                      B. where                   C. who                     D. what(2) This is the room t 210.0p_________I lived in ten years ago.A. that                      B. where                   C. who                     D. what(3) This is the room _________I bought ten years ago.A. that                      B. where                   C. who                     D. what(4) This is the room _________I visited ten years ago.A. that                      B. where                   C. who                     D. what(5) This is the room _________I was born ten years ago.A. that                      B. where                   C. who                     D. what第(1)题选B，因为 live 是不及物动词，它无需接宾语；第(2)题选A，因为虽然 live 不及物，但live in 却是及物，它应有自己的宾语；第(3)(4)题也应选A，因为 buy 和 visit均为及物动词，它们应有自己的宾语；第(5)应选B，因为 be born 无需有自己的宾语。二要看句意。一般说来，句子是否缺宾语，主要是看定语从句中的动词是否为及物动词或带有介词等，但问题是有些动词既可用作及物动词，又可用作不及物动词，它是否需要带宾语则要视句意而定。比较：This is the school where I studied five years ago. 这是我五年前读过书的学校。（句中 study 用作不及物动词，意为“学习”或“读书”）This is the school that I studied five years ago. 这是我五年前研究过的那所学校This is t。(句中 study 为及物动词，意为“研究”)现在我们回到上面的试题来看一看，从理论上说，动词 know 可用作及物和不及物动词，也就是说它可以带宾语也可以不带宾语。但根据本句的意思（“他喜欢一个人生活，并说他要去一个没有知道的地方”），”know 应为及物动词，因为从语意上它要带 place 作其宾语。