41.Upuntilthe1960stheinstrumentsusedtoperformsurgicaloperations were___.
nable
rdinary
l

42.Afterthedevelopmentofthelaserinthe1960s,wefindthat___.
lhelpbecameavailableforindustrialworkers.
dyofartwentthroughacompleterevolution.
dmoresurgeonsbeganusingsurgicalinstruments.
'swholeapproachtosurgerychangedcompletely
43.Thelaserbeamissostrongbecause___.
mposedofaconcentratedbeamoflight
tisincreasedbytheheatofthesun
epluggedintoanordinarylightfitting
southeatinmanydifferentdirections
44.Surgeonscannowcarryoutoperationswhich___.
erformedsuccessfullyonlyonthehumaneye
inlongperiodsofrecoverytimeforpatients
emuchmorecomplicatedbyusingthelaserbeam
inverylittledamagetothepatientsthemselves
45.Therapiddevelopmentoflasertechniqueshasmeantthat___.
hertenyearsweshallbeabletocurecancer
yislikelytoimproveconsiderably
lbeabletotreatallthediseaseswesufferfrom
owabletotreatmostformsofcancer
2
In1885OwenWister(1850-1938)recordedthat"itwon'tbeacenturybeforetheWestissimplythetrueAmerica,withthought,type,andlifeofitsown"andhewanted"tobethehandthatonce,forall,chronicledandlaidbarethevirtuesandthevicesofthisextraordinaryphaseofAmericansocialprogress."Heneverbecamethatself-envisionedTolstoioftheoldWest,butin1902TheVirginianwaspublishe
D.Itwoninstantsuccessandskyrocketeditsauthortofame.Itisstillthemostpopular"Western"noveleverpublishedandthemasterdesignforthefictionoftheWildWest.
TheVirginianestablishedaliteraryform,aformulapopularlyknownas"horseopera",whoseconventions,cliches,andvalueshavereappearedinnovelsandshortstories,inmoviesandtelevisionserials,eversince.Theromanticcowboyistheheroandgentleman,oneofthose"goodmeninthehumblerwalksoflife",whoseemsthroughshams,defendsjusticeandalady'shonor,shootsitoutwiththevillainandconquersevil.BecauseoftheVirginian,WistercreatedacharacterwhoistheoriginaltypefortheWesternfolkhero.HerepresentstheembodimentofcertainAmericanideals---amanwhoisequaltoalloccasions,whoshowsindependenceofaction,amanwhokeepshiswordwhois"abroad-guagefellowlivingamongnarrow-guagefolk".ButtheliterarydeviceandcowboycodewhichWisterestablisheddictatedthattheheromustkillthebadman.Thisnecessityforsanctioningmurderandromanticizingofthecowboyasagentlemanprohibite
D.TheVirginianandthegenreitcreatedfrombecomingseriousfiction,orevenanauthenticproductofthewesternexperience.Insteadofachievinghisambition,therefore,WistergaveusasortofAmericanfolkepic,thecowboystory.
46.OwenWisterbelieved___.
oflifeintheWestin1885wasapassingphase
boyin1885symbolizedthetypicalAmericanmale.
Westwouldbealwaysisolatedfromtherestofthecountryby itsmoralcode.
these.
47.ThereferencetoWisterasaself-envisionedTolstoiimpliesthat___.
A.TheVirginianisasgreatanovelasWarandPeace
B.Wisterunderestimatedhimselfasanauthor
C.Wisterwantedtobeawriteroflightnovels
TolstoihadlaidbarethevirtuesandvicesofRussiansociety,so　WisterwoulddoforthesocietyoftheAmericanWest.
48.Stylistically,TheVirginianisnotedforthefactthatit___.
ttenaccordingtoapre-establishedformula.
ishedtheformulaknownas"horseopera".
edtheliteraryconventionsoftheday.
nedAmericanconventionsinfavorofforeignones.
49.ThepopularitywhichwasaccordedTheVirginianindicatesthat Wister___.
edhisstatedambition
anauthenticaccountofthewesternexperience
theAmericanTolstoi
ttenanaccountofthecowboywhichappealedtoAmerican
50.Theauthorofthearticlebelievesthat___.
A.TheVirginiandidnotdeservethesuccessitwon
B.WistermadeadefinitecontributiontoAmericanliterature
C.Wisterwasahack
storiesshouldbeconsideredseriousfiction
3
Deathcomesquicklyinthemountains.Eachwinterholidaymakersarecaughtunawaresastheyhappilyskiawayfromthefixedruns,littlerealizingthatasmallavalanchecansendthemcrashinginabone breakingfalldowntheslopeandleavethemburiedundertonsofcrispwhitesnow.Therearelotsoftheoriesabouthowtoavoiddisasterwhenhitbyanavalanche.Practiceisnormallylesscheerful.
ThesnowintheSalzburgofAustriawherearecentdisastertookplacewastypicalavalanchematerial.ForseveraldaysbeforetheincidentIhadskiedlocally.Earlywintersnowwaswearingthinandcoveredwithice.Ontopofthatnew,warmerflakesweregentlyfallingtoproduceadangerouscarpet.Totheskierwhoenjoysunmarkedslopesitistemptingstuff,deepnewpowersnowonahardbase---theskiingthatdreamsaremadeof.Andsometimesnightmares.
Snowfallsinsectionslikeacake.Differentsectionshavedifferentdensitiesbecauseofthetemperaturesatthetimeofthefallandintheweeksafterwards.Problemscomewhenanyparticularsectionistoothickandnotstickingtothesectionbeneath.ThesnowofthepastfewweekshadbeenfallinginratherhighertemperaturesthanthoseofDecemberandearlyJanuary.Theresultoftheseconditionsisthatevenaslightincreaseinthetemperaturessendsathinstreamofwaterbetweenthenewsnowandtheol D.Thenthenewsnowsimplyslidesoffthemountain.
Suchslidesarenotunexpecte D.Localcitizensknowtheslopeswhichtendtoavalancheandtheweatherinwhichsuchslidesarelikely.Trapsaresettocatchthesnoworpreventitslipping;bombsareplacedandexplodedfromtimetotimetosetoffsmallavalanchesbeforeabigonehastimetobuildup;andaboveall,skiersarewarnednottoskiindangerareas.
Inspiteofthis,avalancheshappeninunexpectedareasand,ofcourse,skierignorethewarnings.Theonecomforttorecreationalskiers,however,isthatavalancheincidentsonthemarkedskislopesarequiterare.Noskiresortwantstheimageofbeingadeathtrap.
51.Eachwinterholidaymakersinthemountainscomefacetofacewith
deathbecause___.
iltorealizehowdangerousavalanchescanbe
enotexpertenoughatskiingonthefixedruns
yaretryingtoavoidareaswhereavalancheshappen
igreatdistancesdownthemountainsides
52.Accordingtothewriter,skiingconditionsintheSalzburgareaofAustriabeforetheaccidenthappenedwere___.
tfortheinexperiencedskier
becausethenewsnowwascoveredwithice
lofconditionsresultinginavalanches
leonlyforskiinglocally
53.ItwouldappearfromthetextthatavalanchesarebroughtaboutVbecause___.
cularsectionofsnowisnotthickenough
saslightfallinthetemperature
nowfallsturnintorain
betweendifferentsectionsofsnowmelts
54.Inareaswhereavalanchesareknowntohappen___.
esidentsstayindoorswhentheweatherisbad
esaretakentopreventseriousavalanches
valanchescaneasilybeprevented
formthemselvesintoawalltokeepthesnowinposition
55.Althoughaccidentsdohappen,skierswillbereasonablysafeif___.
ayontheofficiallyapprovedslopes
ionlyforpleasure
yskionlyatresorts
ooselesscrowdedskislopes
4
TheEnglish,asarace,areverydifferentfromallothernationalities,includingtheirclosestneighbors,theFrench,BelgiansandDutch.ItisclaimedthatlivingonanislandseparatedfromtherestofEuropehasmuchtodowithit.Whateverthereasons,itmaybefairlystatedthattheEnglishmanhasdevelopedmanyattitudesandhabitswhichdistinguishhimfromothernationalities.
Broadlyspeaking,theEnglishmanisaquiet,shy,reservedpersonwhoisfullyrelaxedonlyamongpeopleheknowswell.Inthepresenceofstrangersorforeignersheoftenseemsinhibited,evenembarrasse
D.Youhaveonlytowitnessacitytrainanymorningoreveningtoseethetruthofthis.Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersorhavingalightsleepinacorner;noonespeaks.Infact,todosowouldseemmostunusual.AnEnglishman,pretendingtobegivingadvicetooverseasvisitors,oncesuggested,"Onenteringarailwaycarriageshakehandswithallthepassengers."Needlesstosay,hewasnotbeingserious.Thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhich,ifbroken,makesthepersonimmediatelysuspect.
Inmanypartsoftheworlditisquitenormaltoshowopenlyextremesofenthusiasm,emotion,excitement,et C.,oftenaccompaniedbyappropriategestures.TheEnglishmanissomewhatdifferent.Ofcourse,anEnglishmanfeelsnolessdeeplythananyothernationality,buthetendstodisplayhisfeelingsfarless.Thisisreflectedinhisuseoflanguage.ImagineamancommentingonthegreatbeautyofayoungGirl.Whereasamoreemotionalmanmightdescribeheras"anexcellentjewel","extremelybeautiful","precious",theEnglishmanwillflatlystate"Um,she'sallright".AnEnglishmanwhohasseenahighlysuccessfulandenjoyablefilmrecommendsittoafriendbycommenting,"It'snotbad,youknow,"oronseeingveryunusualsceneryhemightconveyhispleasurebysaying,"Nice,yes,verynice."Theoverseasvisitormustnotbedisappointedbythisapparentlackofinterestandinvolvement;hemustrealizethat"allright","notbad",and"nice",veryoftenhavethesenseof"first-class","excellent","beautiful".Thisspecialuseoflanguage,particularlycommoninEngland,isknownasrestrainedstatement.
56.FromthepassagepeoplecaninferthattheEnglisharedifferentfrom
othernationalitiesmainlyin___.

ter
principleofbehavior
ects
57.Ifonedoesn'twanttobesuspectedinpublic,hehadbetter
relaxed___.
andswithallpeoplehemeets
thothers
iet
58.Theword"inhibited"mostnearlymeans___.
ly


ined
59.Accordingtothepassage,theEnglishman___.
sfeelingsthanothernationalities
tionsasdeepasanyothernationalities
sesemotionbyuseofhislanguage
ohaveajokewithforeignvisitors
60.AnEnglishman'ssaying"allright"usuallyhasthesenseof___.
A."notbad"
B."quiteright"
C."fairlygood"
D."verygood"
IV.Translation10%
Directions:TranslatethefollowingpartintoChinese.
Historically,Jeep'sreputationasago-anywherevehicledatesbacktotheSecondWorldWarwhentheoriginalJeeps,suppliedbytheWillyscompany,carriedAlliedforcesthroughthePacificandEurope.
TheMacquarieDictionaryofMotoringsaysthemaneJeepstemmedfromtheUnitedStatesArmy'sdecisiontocallthevehicleGP,forGeneralPurposevehicle.Thenamewaseventuallycorruptedto"jeep,"fromthepronunciationofthelettersGP,andbecameatrademarkownedbytheWillycompany.
JeepbecamepartofChryslerin1988andthecompanyhassincespentalotofmoneytorevitalizetheJeepproductionfacilities,andtoincreasethenumberandstyleofmodelsavailable.ChryslersaystheJeep'swartimereputationandruggedimageundoubtedlyhelpedittocarveoutanewroleinpeacetimeasarecreationalvehicle.ItsaystheJeepcreatedtheoriginalmarketforrecreational,off-roadvehiclesusingthepowerfulfour-wheeldrivetraction(knowncommerciallyas4WD)forwhichthearmyjeepwasfamous.