历史类之艺术史
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logical exposition
"lyric quotation".
inciting incident
Romeo
Juliet
obligatory scene
The 19 century was the time that saw what we called: Realism developed in European theater. Um… to understand this though, we first need to look at the earlier form of drama known as the well-made play, which basically was a pattern for constructing plays, plays that the beginning with some early 19 century’s comedies in France proved very successful commercially. The dramatic devices used here weren’t actually anything new, they have been around for centuries. But the formula for well-made play required certain of these elements being included, in a particular order, and most importantly, that everything in the play be logically connected. In fact, some of these player writes would start by writing the end of a play. And the word “backward” toward the beginning, just to make sure each event led logically from what had gone before. Ok, what are the necessary elements of a well-made play? Well, the first is logical exposition. Exposition is whatever background information you have to reveal to the audience. So, they’ll understand what is going on. Before this time, exposition might have come from the actor simply giving speeches. Someone might walk out on the stage and say: "lyric quotation". And then tell all about the feuding family of Romeo and Juliet, but for the well-made play, even the exposition had to be logical, believable. So, for example, you might have two servants gossiping as they are cleaning the house. And one says, 'Oh, what a shame master's son is still not married'. And the other might mention a rumor about the mysterious gentle men who just moved into the town with his beautiful daughter. These comments are parts of the play's logical exposition. The next key element of the well-made play is referred to as the inciting incident. After we have the background information, we need a key moment to get things moving, it really makes the audience interested in what happens to the characters we just heard about. So, for example, after the two servants reveal all this background information, we meet the young man. Just as he firstly eyes on the beautiful woman, and he immediately falls in love. This is the inciting incident. It sets off, the plot of the play. Now, the plot of a well-made play is usually driven by secrets. Things, the audience knows, but the characters often don’t know. So, for example, the audience learns through a letter or through someone else’s conversation. Who is this mysterious gentle man is, and why he left the townmany years before. But the young man doesn’t know about this. And the woman doesn’t understand the ancient connection between her family and his. Before the secret are revealed to the main characters, the plot of the play proceeded as the series of the sort of the up and down moments. For example, the woman first appears not to even notice the young man, and it seems to him like the end of the world. But then, he learns that the she actually wants to meet him too. So, life is wonderful. Then, if he tries to talk with her, maybe her father gets furious, for no apparent reason. So, they can't see each other. But, just as the young man has almost lost all hopes, he finds out, well you get the idea, the reversal the fortune continue, increasing the audience's tension and excitement. Making them wonder if everything is going to come out OK or not. Next comes in, element known as the: obligatory scene. It’s a scene, a moment in which all the secrets are revealed. In generally, things turn out well for the hero and others we care about, a happy ending of some sort. This became so popular that the playwright almost had to include it in every play which is why is called: the obligatory scene. And that’s followed by the final dramatic element - the denouement or the resolution, when all the lucent have to be tied up in a logical way. Remember, the obligatory scene gives the audience emotional pleasure. But the denouement offers the audience a logical conclusion. That’s the subtle distinction we need to try very hard to keep in mind. So, as I said, the well-made play, this form of playwriting, became the bases for realism in drama, and for a lot of very popular 19 century plays. And also, a pattern we find in plots of many later plays, and even movies that we see today.
十九世纪是我们所谓思想的时代：现实主义在欧洲剧院得以发展。为了理解这一思想，我们 首先需要看一看早期被称作“佳构剧”的戏剧形式，它是一种构成戏剧最基本的形式，这些戏 剧以19世纪法国戏剧在商业上最为成功。 这些戏剧性的发明并不是什么新鲜东西了，它们存在已久。但是佳构剧的规则需要一些按特 定顺寻排列的元素，并且最重要的是剧中的每一情节都要在逻辑上紧密相连。事实上，一些 编剧的作品经常会在一开始就把结尾写好。此外倒叙一词就是为了确保全剧能够与之前发生 的情节保持逻辑上的一致。好了，佳构剧有哪些必备元素呢？ 首先是逻辑叙述。叙述是为了说明一切观众需要知道的背景信息。那么这样他们就会明白到 底发生了什么。在这之前，叙述仅仅是以一名演员做演讲的形式进行的。一些人会走到舞台 上说：台词引用，一直到Romeo与Juliet两个宿敌的家庭出现。但是对于佳构剧来说，即便 是叙述，也必须符合逻辑，令人信服。比如说你可能会看见两个佣人一边收拾房子一边八卦 的聊天，一人说道：“怎么主人的儿子还没结婚？”。另外一人则会提到有关一个神秘的绅士 和他的女儿刚刚搬进城。这些评论都是剧中逻辑叙述的一部分。 下一个关键元素叫做煽动事件。有了背景信息之后，我们需要一个关键点来使得整个剧情得 以延续，它们必须使观众对我们刚刚听说的角色感兴趣。比如说，当两个佣人揭示了所有的 背景信息之后，我们见到了这个年轻人。他第一眼看到这个美丽姑娘就爱上了她。这就是煽动事件，它引发了接下来的剧情。