2000 年9月考题

TRANSLATION TEST (1) (30 minutes)

Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese and write your version in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.

Both language and culture are learned by children without special organized programs of instruction, but motivation to learn is very high since language is the most effective means for a child to obtain what he or she wants. If the learning of a new language begins before lower adolescence, one is likely to be able to speak such a language with complete naturalness, but if learned after upper adolescence some hangover of a mother-tongue feature is very likely to persist. But not only do languages exhibit such learning patterns, but so do cultural traits, for example, shaking hands, kissing, and embracing.

Although many persons assume that languages exist in dictionaries and grammars, in fact they only exist in people’s heads. But this is equally true of cultural traits, which indicate clearly a person’s value system when crucial decisions need to be made before there is any time to think about alternatives, for example, diving into a flooding stream to rescue a drowning child.

分析:

① Both language and culture are learned by children without special organized programs of instruction, but motivation to learn is very high since language is the most effective means for a child to obtain (what he or she wants).

 译文 1 :语言和文化学习,对儿童来说并不存在特定的程序和计划,但是由于语言是儿童得偿所愿最有效的方式,因而他们学语言的主观能动性是很高的。

  译文2:儿童学习语言和文化,无需专门编制的教学计划,但他们的学习积极性很高,因为他们若要获得想要的东西,语言乃是最有效的手段。

  考点:转态译法:被主交换:are learned by children→ 儿童学习

     意译: special organized programs of instruction→ 特定的程序和计划

     具体译法:成语法: obtain what he or she wants→ 得偿所愿

         换序译法: since 从句先译

② If the learning of a new language begins before lower adolescence, one is likely to be able to speak such a language with complete naturalness, but if learnedafter upper adolescence some hangover of a mother-tongue feature is very likely to persist.

  译文1:如果一个人在少年时期就学一门新的语言,那么(将来)很可能说得很流利。但如果成年还没有学语言,母语的一些习惯特征就会根深蒂固。

  译文2:如果一个人十来岁开始学习一门新的语言,日后他就有可能轻松自如地说这门语言。但如果到十六、七岁才学,那么他说话时多半会夹杂一些母语的痕迹。

  考点: 转性译法:名词 → 动词   learning→ 学习

           动词 → 形容词  persist→ 根深蒂固  naturalness→ 流利

           动词 → 副词   naturalness→ 轻松自如地

          意译:  before lower adolescence→ 少年时期;十来岁

                   after upper adolescence→ 到成年;十六、七岁

                   hangover→ 痕迹

adolescence 在英语中表示“青春期”,一般指成年以前从 13 到 15 岁的发育期。在翻译 before lower adolescence 时,不能简单处理成“青少年时期的早期”,既累赘,语义又晦涩。可以翻译成“少年时期”,因为“青少年时期的早期”即“少年时期”,也可根据 adolescence 的年龄范围处理成“十几岁”。当然 after upper adolescence 直译为“在青春期后”,即“十六、七岁”,此阶段离“成年”不远。

          正反译法: if learned after upper adolescence→ 如果成年还没有学语言

          转态译法:被主交换 but if learned after upper adolescence→ 如果成年还没有学语言

          具体译法:成语法: persist→ 根深蒂固

③ But not only do languages exhibit such learning patterns, but so docultural traits, for example, shaking hands, kissing, and embracing.

  译文 1 :不仅语言体现了这种学习方式,文化特性也是如此,诸如握手、接吻和拥抱。

  译文 2 :不仅语言学习呈现这种模式,文化秉性,如握手、接吻和拥抱,也同样如此。

  考点: 倒装句的翻译

④ Although many persons assume that languages exist in dictionaries and grammars, in fact they only exist in people’s heads.

  译文:尽管许多人认为语言只存在于字典和语法书中,其实它只存在于人的头脑里。

  考点:具体译法:加字法: grammars→ 语法书

  前者有“字典”, grammar 如翻译成“语法”,和“字典”并不是一个对等的实物,因为“语法”是一个抽象的东西,而“语法书”是一个具体的出版物,因此应选择后者的翻译。

⑤ But this is equally true of cultural traits, (which indicate clearly a person’s value system) when crucial decisions need to be made before there is any time to think about alternatives, for example, diving into a flooding stream to rescue a drowning child.

  译文 1 :文化特性何尝不是如此?当人们不得不做出不加思索的关键决定,比如说跳进湍急的水流中救一个溺水儿童,那么他的文化特性就清晰地展现了他的价值体系。

  译文 2 :文化秉性亦然。在没有时间考虑何取何舍而必须作出关键性决定时,如跳进湍急的水流中去救一个溺水的孩子,文化秉性会清楚的表现了一个人的价值体系。

  考点: This is true of/in… 表示以上情况也适用于 of 后的宾语,翻译时可用“何尝不是如此”、“亦然”、“也是这样”等表达。如:In Mac, you can enjoy the food in a comforting atmosphere with instant and professional service. This is also true in KFC. 在麦当劳就餐环境舒适,服务专业迅捷。肯德基何尝不是如此?

  定语从句的翻译:重复法 →which…  

  换序译法: ⑴ But this is equally true of cultural traits, ⑸ which indicate clearly a person’s value system ⑶ when crucial decisions need to be made ⑵ before there is any time to think about alternatives, ⑷ for example, diving into a flooding stream to rescue a drowning child. 翻译顺序如上。这句句子是一句非常复杂的句子,表面上不难理解,但翻译的顺序很有讲究。除了第 ⑴ 句,后面有两句相连环的定语从句 ,which 是一句非限制性定语从句, when 是一句限制性定语从句,由于较长,不可能翻译成“清晰地展现了当 …… 的价值体系”。因此可以把 when 这句定语从句当成是一句时间状语从句去处理,单独断句。不料在 when 这句中又有 before 真正的时间状语从句,这时有两种翻译方法:一种是把它翻译成一般的时间状语从句,或是把它处理成较简单的表达,作定语去修饰 decisions ,两种方法都需要前置。翻译完后再紧跟第 ⑷ 句作为例子,趁热打铁。最后再回到上面处理第 ⑸ 句,不过由于当中隔离许多内容,读者对 which 所指代的 cultural traits 已经没有印象,需要在翻译时再次提起。

  转态译法:被主交换:  crucial decisions need to be made→ 人们不得不做出关键决定

  意译: before there is any time to think about alternatives→ 不假思索的

  flooding stream 极易翻错,不解释为“洪水”,因为“洪水”为 flood ,在这里 flooding 为形容词,修饰 stream ,表示“湍急的水流”

 

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