Passage One

【结构分析】沪江四六级 http://cet.hjenglish.com

说明文。本文比较了人们通过各种媒介交流时说谎话的几率，并分析了原因。文章思路为：研究方式及结果——与研究结果不同的观点——论证研究结果——研究结果的利用价值。

Para.1—Para.2: 研究结果：各种交流媒介中，人们在打电话时说谎的几率最高，发电子邮件时说谎话的几率最低（第二段前半段介绍了研究方式）。沪江四六级 http://cet.hjenglish.com

Para.3: 与研究结果不同的意见：部分心理学家的看法与该研究结果恰好相反。

Para.4—Para.5: 研究者对研究结果予以论证。

Para.6: 研究结果可能的利用价值：帮助公司为员工找出最好的交流方式。

Communications technologies are far from equal when it comes to conveying the truth. The first study to compare honesty across a range of communications media has found that people are twice likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in emails. The fact that emails are automatically recorded — and can come back to haunt (困扰) you — appears to be the key to the finding.沪江四六级 http://cet.hjenglish.com

Jeff Hancock of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, asked 30 students to keep a communications diary for a week. In it they noted the number of conversations or email exchanges they had lasting more than 10 minutes, and confessed to how many lies they told. Hancock then worked out the number of lies per conversation for each medium. He found that lies made up 14 per cent of emails, 21 per cent of instant messages, 27 per cent of face-to-face interactions and an astonishing 37 per cent of phone calls.沪江四六级 http://cet.hjenglish.com

His results, to be presented at the conference on human-computer interaction in Vienna, Austria, in April, have surprised psychologists. Some expected e-mailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning that because deception makes people uncomfortable, the detachment (非直接接触) of emailing would make it easier to lie. Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges because we are most practised at that form of communication.

But Hancock says it is also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread, and whether it occurs in real time. People appear to be afraid to lie when they know the communication could later be used to hold them to account, he says. This is why fewer lies appear in email than on the phone.沪江四六级 http://cet.hjenglish.com

People are also more likely to lie in real time — in an instant message or phone call, say — than if they have time to think of a response, says Hancock. He found many lies are spontaneous (脱口而出的) responses to an unexpected demand, such as :“Do you like my dress?”
Hancock hopes his research will help companies work out the best ways for their employees to communicate. For instance, the phone might be the best medium for sales where employees are encouraged to stretch the truth. But given his results, work assessment, where honesty is a priority, might be best done using email. 

57. Hancock’s study focuses on _________ .沪
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考查细节→寻读法→句层次上对明示细节的理解沪江四六级 http://cet.hjenglish.com
[A] the consequences of lying in various communications media（未提及）
[B] the success of communications technologies in conveying ideas（文章只在第一句提到了communications technologies）
[C] people’s references in selecting communication technologies（未提及）
[D] people’s honesty levels across a range of communications media
文中的compare honesty across a range of communications media实际上就是指“比较人们通过各种媒介进行交流时所体现的诚实度（honesty level）”，因此[D]项为答案。沪江四六级 http://cet.hjenglish.com

58. Hancock’s research finding surprised those who believed that _________ .

考查细节→并列处命题→寻读法→句层次上对明示细节的理解沪江四六级 http://cet.hjenglish.com
[A] people are less likely to lie in instant messages（未提及）
[B] people are unlikely to lie in face-to-face interactions（第三段的Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges表明，对Hancock的研究表示惊讶的另一些心理学家认为人们在面对面交流时更容易说谎。[B]项与此矛盾，应排除。）沪江四六级 http://cet.hjenglish.com
[C] people are most likely to lie in email communication
文中指出，Hancock的研究令一些心理学家非常吃惊，其中一些心理学家认为人们在使用电子邮件进行交流时最容易说谎（e-mailers to be the biggest liars），[C]项与此同义，为答案。
[D] people are twice as likely to lie in phone conversations（依据第一段中people are twice likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in emails设计的干扰项。但这是Hancock的研究结果，与题干不符。）沪江四六级 http://cet.hjenglish.com

59. According to the passage, why are people more likely to tell the truth through certain media of communication?

考查细节→寻读法→段落次上对隐含细节的理解沪江四六级 http://cet.hjenglish.com
[A] They are afraid of leaving behind traces of their lies.
结合文中第四段的一、二句可知，如果一个人的交流内容被作了记录有被重读的可能，可以日后拿来与他对证的话，他就比较倾向于说真话了。选项[C]中的leaving behind traces of their lies就是指文中的conversation is being recorded and could be reread。
[B] They believe that honesty is the best policy.
[C] They tend to be relaxed when using those media.
[D] They are most practised at those forms of communication.

60. According to Hancock, the telephone is a preferable medium for promoting sales because _________ .

考查细节→定语从句处命题→寻读法→句层次上对明示细节的理解沪江四六级 http://cet.hjenglish.com
[A] salesmen can talk directly to their customers
[B] salesmen may feel less restrained to exaggerate
末段提到：由Hancock的研究结果可知，销售人员与客户联系时最好采用电话方式，因为在电话里往往可以夸大事实，尽量吹嘘产品的优点，[B]项与此同义。选项中的feel less restrained to exaggerate对应文中的are encouraged to stretch the truth。其他三项与文章主题无关。
[C] salesmen can impress customers as being trustworthy
[D] salesmen may pass on instant messages effectively

61. It can be inferred from the passage that _________ .

考查细节→寻读法→段落次上对隐含细节的理解沪江四六级 http://cet.hjenglish.com
[A] honesty should be encouraged in interpersonal communications（未提及）
[B] more employers will use emails to communicate with their employees（依据文章末句设计的干扰项）
[C] suitable media should be chosen for different communication purposes
末段首句指出Hancock的研究可以帮各家公司设为雇员设计出最好的交流方式。后面又举了两个例子：销售产品时最好采用电话方式；工作评估时最好采取电子邮件的方式。由此可知，交流目的不同，适合的交流媒介也不同，应相应进行选择。
[D] email is now the dominant medium of communication within a company（未提及）


【语境记忆】

when it comes to … 谈到…，涉及到…
the key to …  …的关键
last vi. 持续
confess to 承认，坦白
work out  计算出；设计出沪江四六级 http://cet.hjenglish.com
make up 构成，组成
present [音标] vt. 提出（论点、看法等），呈现
reason vt. 推理；辩论
in real time 即时地，实时地
hold sb. to account 与某人对证
unexpected  [音标] a.想不到的，出其不意的
stretch truth 说的过分，夸大事实

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【参考译文】

在传达信息的真实性方面，各种通讯技术间差别极大。第一项比较与通讯媒介的相关的诚实度的研究表明，人们在电话中说谎的几率比在电子邮件中高出两倍。而电子邮件可以自动保存记录的这个事实（当别人回复你的信件时，多数电子邮件程序会自动引用你曾说过的话）——这些记录的存留会回来困扰你——似乎是这项研究结果的关键所在。沪江四六级 http://cet.hjenglish.com
纽约州伊瑟佳市康奈尔大学的Jeff Hancock教授让30名学生用日记记录自己一周内与人交流的情况。在日记中，学生们记录了自己与人交流十分钟以上的谈话或所发的发邮，并且坦白承认自己在其间撒了多少谎。Hancock统计了使用每种通讯媒介交流时所说谎的次数。他发现电子邮件中谎话的比例占14%，即时消息里占21%，面对面交谈中有27%，而电话交谈中则高达37%。沪江四六级 http://cet.hjenglish.com

四月在奥地利的维也纳举行的人机互动交流大会上 ，他展示的研究结果令一些心理学家非常吃惊。一些心理学家认为在电子邮件中人们说谎话的几率会最大，并给出理由说是欺骗会使人不安，因此以非直接接触的方式发邮件使人说起谎来更容易一些。另一些心理学家则认为人们在进行面对面的交流时说的谎话会多一些，是因为我们最擅长于用那种方式交流。但是Hancock说问题的关键还在于交流的内容有没有被记录，有没有被重读的可能性，以及谈话是否为即时性的。他还认为，当人们知道交流内容日后可能被拿来与他们对证时，似乎就不太敢说谎了。这也正是电子邮件中的谎言要比电话中少的原因。沪江四六级 http://cet.hjenglish.com
Hancock指出，与有时间考虑如何作答的情况不同，人们在即时交流——比如在发送即时消息或是打电话——时更容易说谎，。他发现很多谎话实际都是对出其不意的要求所作的不假思索的回答，比如“你喜欢我的衣服吗？”沪江四六级 http://cet.hjenglish.com
Hancock希望他的研究能帮助公司为雇员设计出最理想的交流方式。比如，电话可以作为销售的最好媒介，因为在打电话时，雇员可以主动善意的夸大事实。但是，在进行诚实性为首要因素的业绩和工作表现评定时，发送电子邮件或许是最好的方式。沪江四六级 http://cet.hjenglish.com