5. What type of radiation exposure could occur in a nuclear power plant accident?
核电厂事故发生后，会产生哪种辐射？

If a nuclear power plant does not function properly, radioactivity may be released into the surrounding area by a mixture of products generated inside the reactor ("nuclear fission products"). The main radionuclides representing health risk are radioactive caesium and radioactive iodine. Members of the public may be exposed directly to such radionuclides in the suspended air or if food and drink are contaminated by such materials.
如果一家核电厂不正常运转，那么放射线/辐射就有可能被释放到周围地区，最大量可达到反应堆（核裂变产物）内部生成的所有量。意味着健康威胁的主要的放射性核素包括放射性铯和放射性碘。公众可能直接曝光在这类悬浮在空中的放射性核素下，食物和水也有可能被这类物质污染。

Rescuers, first responders and nuclear power plant (NPP) workers may be exposed to higher radiation doses due to their professional activities and direct exposure to radioactive materials inside the power plant.
救难人员、应急部门人员和核电厂工人由于他们的职业行为和直接暴露在核电厂内部放射性物质之下，他们很有可能受到更高度的辐射。

6. What are the acute health effects of radiation exposure?
辐射会产生哪些急性健康问题？

If the dose of radiation exceeds a certain threshold level, then it can produce acute effects, such as skin redness, hair loss, radiation burns, and acute radiation syndrome (ARS1).
如果辐射剂量超过一定的阈值水平，那么它可以产生，如皮肤发红，脱发，辐射烧伤和和急性辐射综合症（ARS1）等急性影响。

In a nuclear power plant accident, the general population is not likely to be exposed to doses high enough to cause such effects.
在核电厂事故中，一般民众不太可能暴露在足以造成这样的影响的高剂量辐射下。

Rescuers, first responders and nuclear power plant workers are more likely to be exposed to doses of radiation high enough to cause acute effects.
救难人员、应急部门人员和核电厂工人更可能暴露在足以造成急性健康问题的高剂量辐射下。

7. What long-term effects can be expected from radiation exposure?
辐射暴露的哪些长期影响是可以被预测的？

Exposure to radiation can increase the risk of cancer. Among the Japanese atomic bomb survivors, the risk of leukaemia increased a few years after radiation exposure, whereas the risks of other cancers increased more than 10 years after the exposure.
暴露在辐射下会增加患癌症的风险。其中日本原子弹爆炸幸存者，在辐射暴露后的几年里患白血病的风险增加了，而患其他癌症的风险也在辐射暴露的十年后增加了。

Radioactive iodine can be released during nuclear emergencies. If breathed in or swallowed, it will concentrate in the thyroid gland and increase the risk of thyroid cancer. Among persons exposed to radioactive iodine, the risk of thyroid cancer can be lowered by taking potassium iodide pills, which helps prevent the uptake of the radioactive iodine.
核紧急情况之下，放射性碘很可能被释放出来。如果吸入或吞食放射性碘，放射性碘会集中于甲状腺，那么患甲状腺癌的风险就会提高。如果暴露在放射性碘下的人服用碘化钾片，患甲状腺癌的风险就会被降低。碘化钾有助于防止放射性碘的吸收。

The risk of thyroid cancer following radiation exposure is higher in children and young adults.
辐射暴露后，儿童和青年人患甲状腺癌的风险要比其他人群高。

8. Which public health actions are most important to take?
我们要采取哪些最重要的公共健康行动？

Health effects can only occur if someone is exposed to radiation, thus the main protective action someone can take is to prevent exposure. Those closest to the radiation are at greatest risk of exposure and the greater the distance away, the lower the risk. This is why when a nuclear accident occurs, the recommended public health actions involve evacuation and sheltering of those near the site.
只有当人暴露在辐射下，对健康的影响才会出现，因此人们要采取的主要保护措施就是防止暴露。那些最接近的辐射的人群，暴露风险是最大的，离辐射越远，危险越小。这就是为什么，当核事故发生时，建议的公共健康行动涉及疏散和现场附近的掩护。

These necessary actions depend on the estimated exposure (i.e. the amount of radioactivity released in the atmosphere and the prevailing meteorological conditions such as wind and rain.) The actions include steps such as evacuation of people within a certain distance of the plant, providing shelter to reduce exposure and providing iodine pills for people to take to reduce the risk of thyroid cancer.
这些必要的行动依赖于对曝光的估计（即大气中放射性物质的含量和当时的气象条件，如风力和降雨）。行动包括疏散在核电厂周围一定距离内的群众，为他们提供庇护以降低风险，分发碘片以降低患甲状腺癌的风险。

If warranted, steps such as restricting the consumption of vegetables and dairy products produced in the vicinity of the power plant can also reduce exposure.
如果需要的话，限制核电厂附近生产的蔬菜和奶制品的消费，采取这样的措施也有助于减少辐射暴露。

Only competent authorities who have conducted a careful analysis of the emergency situation are in a position to recommend which of these public health measures should be taken.
只有对这次紧急情况作了认真分析的主管部门才有资格推荐这些公共健康措施。