不定式作定语通常要放在它所修饰的名词之后,表示一个将来的动作,即不定式的动作发生在谓语之后。下面是小编给大家分享的英语动词知识,大家可以作为学习的参考。

【1】修饰主语不定式

A:表示一种将要发生动作且是被动(to be done结构)

The car to be bought is for his sister.

The car which will be bought is for his sister.

B: 表示一种将要发生动作且是主动(to be do结构)

The person to meet you at the railway station is called Jack.

=The person who will meet you at the railway station is called Jack.

C:表示一种正在发生动作且是主动(to be doing结构)(不定式动作发生讲话人之前,且一直都在进行之中)

The boy to be sleeping in the room is my younger brother.

=The boy who is sleeping in the room is my younger brother.

D:表示已经事先已经完成了动作(to have been done结构)

The building to have been built is our teaching building.

=The build which has been built is our teaching building.

E:表示从过去到现在一直都进行的动作(to have been doing结构)

The person to have been watching TV in the room is my father.

=The person who has been watching TV in the room is my father.

【2】修饰表语的不定式

A:(表示一种习惯上的泛指或经常反复发生动作)

She is always the first person to come and the last person to leave.

B:表示一种已经完成动作

He was the first person to arrive .

=He was the first person who arrived.

【3】修饰宾语的不定式

A:(表示已将发生的动作且是主动)

I have three letters to post this afternoon .(表示自己邮寄)

B:(表示已将发生的动作且是被动)

I have three letters to be posted this afteroon.(表示别人邮寄)

C:He need something to eat .(表示自己吃)

备注:关于修饰宾语的不定式有以下几种情况

(1) 如果不定式为不及物动词需要带上相应介词

He needs a pen to write with

We need to find a house to live in

(2) 如果修饰为time, way, place可以省略相应介词

He can’t find a place to live

(3) 如果不定式为主动,则不定式逻辑主语为句子主语

She has two children to take care of .(主语自己照顾)

(4) 如果不定式为被动,则不定式逻辑主语不是句子主语

She has two children to be taken care of .(别人帮助主语照顾)

不定式作定语的用法:

不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如:

I have some books for you to read.我有一些书给你看。

We have a lot of homework to do today.今天我们有很多作业要做。

He hasn’t kept his promise to write to his parents regularly.他没有信守定期给父母写信的诺言。

注意:a.作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作 的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。例如:

He is looking for a room to live in.他在找房子住。

There is nothing to worry about.没有什么可担心的。

Please give me a knife to cut with.请给我一把刀用。

但是,不定式所修饰的名词是 time,place或 way,不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。例如:

He had no money and no place to live.他没有钱,也没有房子住。

b.当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,不定式既可以用主动语态,也可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同.试比较:

Have you anything to send? 你有什么东西要寄吗?(不走式 to send的动作执行者是 you)

Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(不定式 to be sent的动作执行者是已被省略的 me或 someone else)

c.下列词语后常接不定式作定语:chance、wish、right、courage、need、promise、time、opportunity、way、the first、the second、the last、the only等。

He is always the first to come and the last to leave.他总是第一个到,最后一个走。

I have a lot of work to do.

如何判断不定式作定语、宾补还是状语:

现在,许多网友和英语学习者,对这个问题有些模糊不清,我们有必要澄清一下。请对比以下三个句子:

1. This is the key to open the front door.

2. I expect my key to open that lock.

3. He used his key to open the door.

句1:to open the front door作定语。但有人认为它是目的状语,这是错误的。从意思上看,“打开前门”是修饰“钥匙”的,毫无疑问作定语。语法上看它不可能修饰系动词is,所以不是状语。一般说来,在表语后面的不定式都是定语,不是状语。

句2:open that lock是宾补,修饰my key。因为key做了谓语动词expect的宾语,而在逻辑上又跟不定式是主谓关系,所以是宾语补足语。不定式作宾补是有条件的,在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中,必须具备上述要求才可以。除了expect外,类似的动词还有:ask, want, wish, order, tell, persuade, advise, allow, warn, encourage, cause, require, let, have, make, see, watch, notice, observe等。

句3:to open the door是目的状语,不是宾补。这个句子看起来与句2非常相似,但正是由于两个谓语动词的性质不一样,才出现了两种不同的成分。在这个句子中,to open the door是主语He发出的,his key跟 to open the door不存在逻辑上的主谓关系,不定式是He used his key的目的, 所以它是目的状语。广义上的目的状语,不一定非要翻译成“为了……”,只有在不定式前加了in order 或so as强调时,才突出目的。

此外,不定式还可作结果状语(She hurried to the station only to be told the train had gone.)或原因状语(I am delighted to receive your email.)。

【特别说明】

在英语中,状语是一个非常庞大的句子成分,其主要作用是修饰动词的。其外延涉及“时间、地点、方式、频率,程度、原因、目的、结果、比较、条件和让步”等各个方面。可以这样说,凡是修饰动词的句子成分就是状语。能充当状语成分的有很多,但最典型的词类就是“副词”,难怪人们称它是adverb了(add+verb:意味着“加强动词,修饰动词”。状语叫做adverbial,里面也含着adverb)。

不定式做补语、状语、定语的区别:

在I need some water to make tea.中,不定式to make tea(泡茶)做目的状语,而不是定语或宾补。因为该动作由主语 “I”发出,而非water;在She needs some time to get over.中,不定式to get over(身体恢复)也是做目的状语,而不是定语或宾补。因为该动作也是由主语 “She”发出,而非time;两个例句中,都是动词不定式做目的状语,没有做宾补或定语的情况。

名词之后的动词不定式,有可能作三种句子成分:定语、宾补、状语。那么,怎样辨别不定式作定语、宾补或状语呢?有的网友对这个问题可能模糊不清。关键问题要看:不定式所表达的动作与句子主语的逻辑关系,以及与之前名词的逻辑关系。请对比以下三个句子:

1. This is the key to open the front door.

2. I expect the key to open the front door.

3. He used the key to open the front door.

句1:to open the front door作定语,the key是其逻辑主语。从意思上看,“打开前门”是“钥匙”自身的行为,是一种主谓关系,毫无疑问作定语。但有人认为它是目的状语,这显然是错误的,因为状语是修饰谓语动词的,它不可能修饰系动词is。一般说来,在表语后面的不定式都是定语,不是状语。

句2:open the front door是宾补,补充说明the key,所以the key是其逻辑主语。因为key是谓语动词expect的宾语,而跟不定式是主谓关系,所以叫做宾语补足语。不定式作宾补是有条件的,在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中,必须具备上述要求才可以。除了expect外,类似的动词还有:ask, want, wish, order, tell, persuade, advise, allow, warn, encourage, cause, require, let, have, make, see, watch, notice, observe等。

句3:to open the front door才是目的状语,其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。这个句子看起来与句2非常相似,但正是由于两个谓语动词的性质不一样,才出现了两种不同的成分。在这个句子中,to open the front door是主语He发出的,the key跟 to open the front door不存在逻辑上的主谓关系,不定式是He used the key的目的, 所以它是目的状语。广义上的目的状语,不一定非要翻译成“为了……”,只有在不定式前加了in order 或so as强调时,才突出目的。

刚才讨论的是,怎样辨别不定式作定语、宾补、状语以及逻辑主语的问题。下面分析一下,不定式作定语时跟逻辑主语的关系。

(1) Mary was the first girl to work out the problem.

(2) John said he had an important meeting to attend.

(3) Reading, I think, is the best way to learn English.

以上三句,虽然都是不定式作定语,但之间的关系却不尽相同。

第一句the first girl和to work out the problem 是“主谓关系”。

第二句attend 作了meeting的定语,它们是“动宾关系”。

第三句 the best way 和to learn English 是一种“所属关系”。

这类名词常见的还有:way, plan, chance, decision, effort, opportunity, ability, idea, feeling, right, reason, promise, wish, hope, time, wish等。

以上就是小编给大家分享的英语语法知识,希望可以给大家学习带来帮助。