“这间房子是那间的两倍”“这条河比那条河长三倍”看到这些熟悉的字眼,有没有很模糊?两倍,三倍,怎么表示?上学的时候,翻译倍数问题,总是一大难点。因为,有太多种方法可以表示,写着写着可能两种就混了。有没有什么方法可以让我们记得清清楚楚明明白白的。
      英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样,其中有 一些(如下文中的句型⑵、⑸、⑹、⑻、⑿ 等)很容易译错,其主要原因在于:英汉两语在表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下:
 倍数增加
(一)A is n times as great (long, much, ...) as B. ⑴
      A is n times greater (longer, more, ...) than B. ⑵
      A is n times the size (length, amount, ...) of B. ⑶ 
     以上三句都应译为:A的大小(长度、数量、……)是B的n倍,或A比B大(长、多、……)n-1倍。
      eg: This book is three times as long as that one. / three times longer than that one. / three times the length of that one.
       这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍(即比那本书长两倍)。
      注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than (as, of) B 常被省去。
(二)increase to n times ⑷
        increase n times / n-fold ⑸ 
        increase by n times ⑹ 
        increase by a factor of n ⑺ 
      以上四句均应译为:增加到n倍,或增加n-1倍。
       eg: The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year.
       集成电路的产量比去年增加了两倍。
       eg: The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against 1986.
       化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。
       eg: That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times.
       那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。
       eg: The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four.
       漏电压增加了3倍(即增加到原来的4倍)。
       注:在这类句型中increase常被raise、grow、go/step up、multiply 等词所替代。
(三)There is a n-fold increase / growth... ⑻
       应译为:增加n-1倍,或增至n倍。
       这个句型还有其它一些形式:
       eg: A record high increase in value of four times was reported.
       据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。
(四)double(增加1倍)、treble(增加2倍)、quadruple(增加3倍)⑼
       eg: The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled.
       这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。
(五)此外,英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法,如:
       A is as much (large, long, ...) again as B. = A is twice as much (large, long, ...) as B. ⑽ 
       应译为:A比B多(大、长、……)1倍。
       A is half as much (large, long, ...) again as B. = A is one and a half times as much (large, long, ...) as B. ⑾
       应译为:A比B多(大、长、……)一半,即A是B的一倍半。
倍数减少
(一)A is n times as small (light, slow, ...) as B. ⑿
       A is n times smaller (lighter, slower, ...) than B. ⒀ 
       以上两句均应译为:A的大小(重量、速度、……)是B的1/n,或A比B小(轻、慢、……)(n-1)/n。
       eg: The hydrogen atom is nearly 16 times as light as the oxygen atom.
       氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/16)。
       eg: This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper.
       这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。
       注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than/as B 常被省去。
(二)decrease n times / n-fold ⒁
       decrease by n times ⒂ 
       decrease by a factor of n ⒃
       以上三句均译为:减少到1/n,或减少(n-1)/n。decrease常被reduce、shorten、go/slow down 等词替代。
       eg: Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times.
       新型晶体管的开关时间缩短到1/3(即缩短了2/3)。
       eg: When the voltage is stepped up by ten times, the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times.
       电压升高9倍,电流强度便降低9/10(即降低90%)。
       eg: The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5.
       该设备误差概率降低了4/5。
(三)There is a n-fold decrease / reduction... ⒄ 
       应译为:减至1/n,或减少(n-1)/n。
       这个句型还有其它一些形式,
       eg: A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed.
       发现迅速减少到1/7。
       eg: The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight.
       这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。
       从以上倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出:与汉语不同的是,英语在表述或比较倍数时,无论使用什么句型(除了不含倍数词的again句型外)都包括基础倍数在内,因此都不是净增或净减n倍,而是净增或净减n-1倍。所以句型 ⑶、⑸ 表示的倍数增量=句型 ⑷;句型 ⒀ 表示的倍数比差=句型 ⑿,且decrease (by) 3 times应译为“减少2/3”,而不是“减少3/4”。
      增加,减少,分别怎么翻译,都明白了吗?弱国还有什么不清楚的,多看看例句,或者自己造句翻译。这样可以使我们掌握得更好。