Passage Eight（The Development of Cities）

　　Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion, it sorted out people and land uses, and it accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant form city centers than they were in the premodern era. In 1830, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district； by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who could afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work, shopping, and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl. Between 1850 and 1520, for example, some 230,000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in outlying areas. Over the same period, another 330,000 were plotted outside the city limits but within the metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting, real estate developers added 800,000 potential building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years - lots that could have housed five to six million people.

　　Of course, many were never occupied； there was always a huge surplus of subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicago and other cities. These excesses underscore a feature of residential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation： urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes, particularly land near or outside city borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much as to respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this process. Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster than population growth.

　　1. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned？

　　[A] Types of mass transportation.

　　[B] Instability of urban life.

　　[C] How supply and demand determine land use.

　　[D] The effect of mass transportation on urban expansion.

　　2. Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago？

　　[A] To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth.

　　[B] To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation.

　　[C] To show mass transportation changed many cities.

　　[D] To contrast their rate of growth.

　　3. According to the passage, what was one disadvantage of residential expansion？

　　[A] It was expensive.

　　[B] It happened too slowly.

　　[C] It was unplanned.

　　[D] It created a demand for public transportation.

　　4. The author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city,

　　[A] that is large.

　　[B] that is used as a model for land development.

　　[C] where the development of land exceeded population growth.

　　[D] with an excellent mass transportation system.