21. contribute的意思是“捐赠;贡献;投稿;提供”。常用短语contribute to意思是“有助于;有益于;促成”。其名词为contribution意思是“捐献: 贡献: 投稿”,常用make a contribution to/towards…, 表示“对……作贡献”的意思。

Everyone should contribute three dollars to the Red Cross. 每位工人捐了3美元给红十字会。

Everyone should contribute what he or she can afford. 人人都应该尽自己的能力做贡献。

I’ve been asked to contribute an article to the language magazine. 有人请我给那份语言杂志撰篇稿。

Fresh air and exercise contribute to good health. 新鲜空气和锻炼有益与健康。

Does smoking contributed to lung cancer?吸烟会导致肺癌吗?

He made an outstanding contribution to science. 他对科学作出了卓越的贡献。

22. lead to的意思为“通向;导致;引起;造成”,to为介词,后接sth.或doing.

The path leads to the village. 这条小路通到那村庄。

New discoveries lead to some diseases being cured.新的发现使一些疾病被治愈。

23. make sense意为“有意义;意思清楚;有道理;明智的;合情合理的”;而make sense of意思为“理解;懂;明白”。

What you said made no sense. 你的话没有道理。

It makes sense to take care of your health. 注意身体健康是明智的。

Can you make sense of this poem? 你看得懂这首诗吗?

bring sb to his senses不再做傻事;苏醒 come to one’s senses不再做傻事;苏醒 in a/one sense从某种意义来说 in no/little sense一点也不;怎么说也不 the sixth sense第六感

24. complete用作形容词意为“完整的;全面的;彻底的;完成的;结束的”,常用complete with表示“齐备……的;备有……的”;也可用作动词意为“使圆满;使结束;完成;填(表格等)”。

This is a complete story. 这是一个完整的故事。(用作形容词)This year is now complete. 今年这一年到此结束。(用作形容词)David and Jean bought a house complete with furniture. 大卫和琼买了一幢配有家具的房子。(用作形容词)

The work is not completed yet. 这个工作还未完成。(用作动词)Complete your application in ink. 用钢笔填写申请书。(用作动词)

(1)finish表示“完成;完结“,但内在含义有些不同。finish意为bring sth. to an end, stop doing sth.,指”结束做某事;做完了某事“,后接名词或动名词,不可接不定式。

(2)complete常表示bring sth. into a whole, and what is missing or needed to form a finished whole, 指“使完整;使圆满“,尤指文学作品的完成或工程的竣工等,后接名词。

(3)end 为普通用词,指一种活动因达到目的而自然结束或因某一原因突然中止,可指作业、演讲、争论、旅行、战争或生命等的结束、终止,并可用作及物动词或不及物动词。

He has finished the work. 他做完了工作。

He has finished writing the paper.他已写完了论文。

The new school will be completed next month.新学校下个月竣工。(不可用finish)

His unexpected visit ended our discussion of the problem. 他、突然来访中断了我们对那个问题的讨论。

The party did not end until midnight. 晚会到半夜才结束。

25. cautious作形容词,意为“谨慎的;非常小心的;细心的”,其后常用介词about/with/of.

He was cautious when he was riding the bicycle.当他骑自行车的时候;他很小心。

She was cautious of strangers. 她对陌生人很警惕。

careful与cautious的用法区别:

careful的意思是“小心;仔细的;谨慎的”,表示很注意细节,行为小心以避免错误;cautious的意思是“十分小心的;谨慎的”,意义相近,但它所表示的是所有方面都仔细考虑之后才采取行为,带有迟疑、提防等心理。

He gave the patient a careful examination. 他仔细检查了病人的身体。

He was cautious about committing himself. 他对作出承诺很谨慎。

26. reject用作及物动词,意为“拒绝;不接受;摒弃”。

We rejected his idea for a music club, and decided to have an art club instead.我们没有采纳他关于成立音乐俱乐部的想法,而是决定成立艺术俱乐部。

It is hard for me to reject some bad habits. 我很难丢掉一些坏习惯。

(1)reject表示拒不接受不适当、不满足或厌恶的东西,如建议、计划、赠物、求婚、正义、忠告等,语气最强,有时还含有“抛弃;剔除”等意思。只可接名词,主语只能是人。

(2)refuse是普通用语,指坚决、果断甚至是粗暴的对别人的要求、请求、引诱或帮助加以拒绝,后接名词、代词或不定式,主语可以是人或物。

(3)decline常指婉转的拒绝,近似汉语的谢绝,多用于对他人的邀请或提供的帮助。在与不定式连用时相当于一般的“拒绝”,可与refuse通用。

He rejected their invitation point-blank.他直截了当地拒绝了他们 的邀请。

She refused his offer. 她拒绝了他的提议。

The big clock refused to welcome the New Year.这只大钟不愿迎接新年。

We asked him to come to our party, but he declined (the invitation). 我们请他来赴宴,但他谢绝了。

He declined to answer the question.他拒绝回答那个问题。(可用refuse)

Be against be for

语法解析:

He face wore a puzzled expression. 他脸上有一种困惑的表情。

(1)一般情况下,单个的过去分词作定语,放在被修饰的词之前;过去分词短语作定语放在被修饰的词之后,往往可用定语从句代替。

She had a worried look on her face. 她脸上有一种忧虑的表情。

I like eating the frozen food. 我喜欢吃冷冻食品。

The boy injured (who was injured) in the accident was taken to hospital. 在事故中受伤的男孩被送到医院了。

There is a car parked (which is parked) outside the house. 房子外面停着一辆车。

(2)个别情况下,也有单个过去分词作后置定语的。如:

There was nobody injured. 没有人受伤。

We’ve got a little left.我们只剩一点儿了。

Do you know the number of books ordered? 你知道订购了多少书吗?

(3)作定语用的过去分词表示一个完成的动作,若要表示正在进行的动作,则用现在分词的被动式(being done),若表示将来的动作,则用不定式的被动形式(即to be done)。

Is this the book written by Lu Xun? 这是鲁迅写的书吗?

What do you think of the meeting being held here? 你对正在这里举行的会议怎么看?

He prepared some poems to be recited at the English Evening. 他准备了几首将在英语晚会上朗诵的诗。

27. inspired是过去分词用作表语。

(1)过去分词作表语(其中有些已变成形容词)往往表示主语的状态或特点,常用在系动词后面,这些系动词有be, remain, feel, grow, become等。

I was delighted to be invited to her party. 我很高兴被邀请参加她的晚会。

She remained unmarried all her life. 她一生未婚。

(2)“be+过去分词”的结构与被动语态相似,区别在于这种结构表示的是一种状态,而被动语态表示的是一个动作;其次,如果过去分词前有too, very, so 等程度副词修饰时,为“be+过去分词”的结构,如果过去分词前后有much, too much so much very much修饰时,为被动语态;另外,“be+过去分词”的结构常用一般现在时,而被动语态要根据动作发生的时间来决定动词的时态,用过去时较多。

The glass is broken. 玻璃碎了。(be+过去分词)

The glass was broken last night. 玻璃昨晚被打碎了。(被动语态)

The man was too frightened to stand up.那个人害怕得站不起来。(be+过去分词)

He was so much shocked that he couldn’t utter a word. 他被震惊得说不出话。(被动语态)