冲刺四级高分：仔细阅读解题技巧（三）
以下是仔细阅读技巧十大命题处的后续讲解~（第6-10命题处）
6. 定义结论处
很多文章中会出现考生不熟悉的概念，作者往往会对这些概念给出相应的定义，这些定义很容易成为考查的内容。
很多文章都涉及一些调查或实验，而这些调查、实验的结果、结论又常常成为考点，
因此考生一定要注意find, show, reveal, conclude等动词引出的宾语从句以及thus等表示结论的词语。
例(四级真题）
Most hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water are stable, but traces of both elements are also present as heavier isotopes. The heaviest rain falls first. As a result, storms that form over the Pacific deliver heavier water to California than to Utah.
Q: What is said about the rainfall in America’s West?
A) There is much more rainfall in California than in Utah.
B) The water it delivers becomes lighter when it moves inland.
C) Its chemical composition is less stable than in other areas.
D) It gathers more light isotopes as it moves eastward.
在太平洋上形成的风暴给加利福尼亚州带来的雨水要比带给犹他州的更多。
B) The water it delivers becomes lighter when it moves inland （雨水由沿海进入内陆地区时会变小），
加州属沿海地区，犹他是内陆地区，因此，该选项是对原文的概括，故为答案。
7. 列举并列处
列举并列处是指用
First(ly)… Second(ly)… Third(ly)… Finally…;
Not only…but also…; In addition; Furthermore; Moreover;
Above all; On the one hand…, on the other hand…等表示顺承关系或递进关系的词语列举出的事实。
列举并列处是设置事实细节题的主要出处，
若为正面出题，则与原文内容相同的选项为正确答案；
若题干为反面设题，则与原文意思相反的选项为此题的正确答案。
例(四级真题）
Being sociable looks like a good way to add years to your life. Relationships with family, friends, neighbours, even pets, will all do the trick, but the biggest longevity (长寿) boost seems to come from marriage or an equivalent relationship. The effect was first noted in 1858 by William Farr, who wrote that widows and widowers (鳏夫) were at a much higher risk of dying than their married peers. Studies since then suggest that marriage could add as much as seven years to a man’s life and two to a woman’s. The effect holds for all causes of death, whether illness, accident or self-harm.
Q: William Farr’s study and other studies show that ______.
A) social life provides an effective cure for illness
B) marriage contributes a great deal to longevity
C) women benefit more than men from marriage
D) being sociable helps improve one’s quality of life
本文论述社交生活对人寿命的影响，开头列举了可能导致长寿的因素：善于与他人交际以及与家人、朋友、邻居甚至宠物保持良好关系。
但马上转折后提到能够导致长寿的最主要的因素似乎在于婚姻或者是类似的关系。
然后，提到这一结果最早由威廉•法尔于1858年记录。
B） 中的contributes…to是对第二句中的boost的同义转述，故为答案。
8. 比较级/最高级处
在文章中经常会对不同的对象进行某方面的比较，而这些比较经常成为考查的目标，尤其是在文章中的最高级出现之处。
例(四级真题）
“Retailers who’re responsive and friendly are more likely to smooth over issues than those who aren’t so friendly,” said Professor Stephen Hoch. “Maybe something as simple as a greet at the store entrance would help.”
Q: What contributes most to smoothing over issues with customers?
A) Manners of the salespeople.
B) Hiring of efficient employees.
C) Huge supply of goods for sale.
D) Design of the store layout.
对顾客态度友善、反应迅速的商家更容易解决好问题，从这里可以看出态度友善和反应迅速都属于销售人员的举止问题。
A) “销售人员的举止”最符合题意，故为答案。
9. 指代处
写作、讲话时为了简洁、明晰地表达事物及其逻辑关系，常用各种代词通过指代进行信息传递，当同时出现好几个事物时，这种指代关系往往不容易区分，故常成为命题点。
例(四级真题）
At Penn, students are not asked to indicate race when applying for housing. “One of the great things about freshman housing is that, with some exceptions, the process throws you together randomly,” said Undergraduate Assembly chairman Alec Webley. “This is the definition of integration.”
Q: What does Alec Webley consider to be the “definition of integration”?
A) Students of different races are required to share a room.
B) Interracial lodging is arranged by the school for freshmen.
C) Lodging is assigned to students of different races without exception.
D) The school randomly assigns roommates without regard to race.
原文倒数第四段最后一句提到，“This is the definition of integration.”
而This指代的具体内容出现在前一句中，
即with some exceptions, the process throws you together randomly（除特殊情况外，宿舍的安排一般是随机的）。
因此，所谓“融合的定义”实际上是指“随机安排学生住宿”，故答案为D)。
10. 特殊标点处
特殊标点符号处，尤其是段首的特殊符号所引出的内容往往表达了作者的观点，
阐述了全文的主题，因此也成为主旨大意题的高发命题点。
此处所说的特殊标点符号包括：
(1) 破折号(表解释)；
(2) 括号 (表解释)；
(3) 冒号 (表解释)；
(4) 引号 (表引用或有其他特殊含义)；
(5) 分号 (表进一步的解释说明) 等。
在主题段落或主题句中，特殊标点符号所引出的内容往往是出题点，因此在解答这类题时，一定要特别注意对特殊标点所引出内容的把握。
例(四级真题）
Many African-American blogs have written about what they’d like to see Michelle bring to the White House—mainly showing the world that a black woman can support her man and raise a strong black family.
Q: What do many African-Americans write about in their blogs?
A) Whether Michelle can live up to the high expectations of her fans.
B) How Michelle should behave as a public figure.
C) How proud they are to have a black woman in the White House.
D) What Michelle should do as wife and mother in the White House.
第五段第二句使用了破折号，表达了美国黑人希望看到米歇尔可以向这个世界展示一个黑人妇女既可以支持她的丈夫，也可以支撑起一个强大的家庭的形象。
D) “作为妻子和母亲，米歇尔在白宫应该做什么”与原文意思相符，故D） 正确。
持续更新，敬请期待~
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