英语和汉语中的定语有很大的不同。汉语中定语只能前置,而英语中定语既可前置也可后置。两者的
不同,不仅表现在结构上,也表现在意义上。英语中的定语从句有时从原因、结果、目的或条件等方面
对中心词加以限定。因此,在对语法结构、上下文逻辑关系深刻理解的前提下,为了更明确地表明这种
逻辑关系,可以将定语从句翻译成相应的状语从句。同时值得注意的是,定语从句与中心词之间常有分
割成分,而该分割成分中与定语从句紧挨着的名词,常常会被误认为定语从句的中心词。因此,遇到这种
结构,一定要根据上下文和常识进行判断。翻译定语从句时可采用提前译、顺序译、分译或转译等多种方法。

请看例句：

3. In the "soap war" between Proctor and Gamble and Unilever, tremendous use
is made of statistics to measure the dynamic difference in market resulting from
the proportional allocation to advertising, which constitutes such a large part
of their production costs before selling, so that they regard their production costs
as production plus advertising costs.

分析要点：此句结构比较复杂,但主句很简单,主语为use,谓语为is made。主句正常语序为tremendous
use of statistics is made to..., to measure...作目的状语,resulting from...为现在分词短语作
difference的后置定语。which引导一个非限制性定语

从句,修饰allocation to advertising。so that引导一个结果状语从句。plus为介词,意为"加上"。soap
war为"肥皂广告大战"。

译文在Proctor and Gamble和 Unilever两家企业之间的"肥皂大战"中,双方就大量使用了统计学知识来
测量由相应的广告投入所引起的市场上的动态差异,这一项在售前的生产成本中占较大部分,所以他们把生产成
本看作是生产费用与广告费用之和。

4. Smart cards, which can carry as much as 80 times more information on them than
conventional cards with a magnetic stripe, are already widely used in European countries
where centralized banks can roll out new services on a nationwide basis.

分析要点：本句为简单复合句。句架为Smart cards, which ..., are already widely used in European
countries where...。which为关系代词,引导非限制性定语从句,修饰smart cards；where为关系副词,
引导定语从句,修饰countries。nationwide:全国范围内的。roll out:本意为"展开(卷起之物)",此处为引申义,
指展开工作。

译文智能卡载有的信息量是普通磁卡信息载量的80多倍,已经在欧洲各国广泛使用,因而使欧洲各国中央银行
得以在全国范围展开新型的服务。

【高高兴兴做作业，轻轻松松收沪元】

1 President Kennedy wanted people who raised questions, who criticized, on whose
judgment he could rely, who presented an intelligent point of view, regardless of
their rank or viewpoint.

2 Thus it happened that when the new factories that were springing up required
labor，tens of thousands of homeless and hungry agricultural workers，with their
wives and children，were forced into the cities in search of work，and any work，
under any condition，that would keep them alive.

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