把握经济运行合理区间的上下限,抓住发展中的突出矛盾和结构性问题,定向施策,聚焦靶心,精准发力。
With a keen understanding of the appropriate range within which the economy needs to be operating, we adopted targeted steps to address the serious issues and structural problems hindering development.

英语一词多义是普遍现象,汉语也是。汉语中有很多类似的词,看着简单,其实内涵太多,不只是表面意思。比如这句的“把握”,惠宇《汉英大词典》里就有4个解释,多种译法,比如:

把握时代精神:catch the spirit of the times
有把握地回答:answer with confidence
有把握完成任务:He is confident of completing the task
把握客观规律:master the objective laws
把握经济增长的脉搏:keep fingers on the pulse of economic growth

汉英词典是个好东西,值得买。不过如果不看也没效果。

“经济运行合理区间的上下限”,这里的偏正结构,用的是which句型来译: the appropriate range within which the economy needs to be operating,这种处理方式也比较好用。

“突出矛盾”,用的是 the serious issues,想想确实也是这个意思。顺便又查了下矛盾的多种译法:
矛盾的普遍性:universality of contradiction
避免矛盾: avoid conflicts
人民内部矛盾:contradictions within the ranks of the people
缓解矛盾:alleviate the problem of
心情矛盾:be in two minds about something

"定向施策,聚焦靶心,精准发力",其实说得事情基本上是一样的,所以译文只用了一个 targeted steps,比较简洁。

“发展中的突出矛盾和结构性问题”,用的是 hindering development 。偏正结构也是公文常见结构,of 式结构最简单也最普通,其实有各种灵活译法,后面还会遇到。

向促改革要动力,向调结构要助力,向惠民生要潜力,既扩大市场需求,又增加有效供给,努力做到结构调优而不失速。
We promoted reform to gain impetus for development, made structural adjustments to produce support for development, and improved living standards to increase the potential for development. We both expanded market demand and increased effective supply, working to ensure that structural adjustments were made without compromising the growth rate.

“向促改革要动力,向调结构要助力,向惠民生要潜力”,又一个排比,译文则把“向”的重复变成了 to 结构的重复。断句也是之前分析的,三句一断。

“既”字用的是 both ,以后可以借用。

“速”, the growth rate,类似前面讲的“激活力”(stimulated market activity),要结合语境寻找对应词。

有效实施积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策。
We have been effectively implementing proactive fiscal policy and prudent monetary policy.

这句比较常规,平时多看新闻或者各类公文,适当记忆下各种常见说法,基本翻译出来的句子都差不多。

实行定向减税和普遍性降费,拓宽小微企业税收优惠政策范围,扩大“营改增”试点。
We increased targeted tax reductions, reduced fees across the board, extended the coverage of tax relief policies to benefit more small and micro businesses, and expanded the trials to replace business tax with VAT to cover more industries.

定向减税 targeted tax reductions
普遍性降费 reduce fees across the board
税收优惠政策 tax relief policies
营改增 replace business tax with VAT

以上表达,应该是属于这类材料里比较难翻译的部分,有的是比较专业,平时看时政少的话汉语都不理解,有的是需要多熟悉表达方式,尽量自己也能熟练应用。

可以学习下的是 extend 和 expand 这两个词,意思相近,也稍有差别。有网友总结区别如下:extend 表示时间和空间的“延长”,也可以用于比喻意义上的“延长”,或范围的“扩展”。 例如:to extend one's stay. (延长某人的逗留) ; expand侧重指“上下、左右、前后的面或体的伸展”,例如:Irons expands when it is heated. 铁加热时就膨胀。