昨天提到的从尿里提纯的东西是磷。其发现之初的提炼价格很贵，1盎司的价值折合今日的500美元。一开始，这么昂贵的东西只供军用，直到18世纪中叶，瑞典化学家发明了新的提炼方法后，磷才得以在工业中大规模普及。而让瑞典保持在磷提炼世界领先水平的人卡尔•金勒却是一个无名之辈，他是个药剂师，没有先进的设施却先后发现了八种化学元素和化合物，可他自己却没得到任何名誉~~~

❤《万物简史》推出部落节目版，戳这里订阅:http://bulo.hujiang.com/menu/6004/



书本的朗读语音很charming的磁性英音~~~大家可以好好学着模仿哦~~~！！
因为原著为美国人所写,单词采用美式拼法,不抄全文，也不用写序号。答完一空换行继续下一空作答。文中需听写单词或词组用[-No-]表示，句子用[---No---]表示。请边听写边理解文意，根据下面的TIPS训练听写。这样可以提高听力准确度，并为训练听译打下基础哦~~~

TIPS听写训练点：单词拼写，时态，单复数，连读，长难句（请边听边用符号先记下内容，然后自己回头组织语句，最后校对，不要逐字逐句听写）



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Sweden



The commercial potential for the stuff—which soon became known as phosphorus, from Greek and Latin [-1-] meaning "light bearing"—[---2---]. An ounce of phosphorus retailed for six guineas—perhaps 500 dollars in today's money—or more than gold.

At first, soldiers were called on to provide the raw material, but such an arrangement was hardly conducive to [-3-] production. In the 1750s a Swedish chemist named Karl (or Carl) Scheele devised a way to manufacture phosphorus [-4-] without the slop or smell of urine. [---5---]

Scheele was both an extraordinary and extraordinarily luckless fellow. A poor pharmacist [-6-], he discovered eight elements—chlorine, fluorine, manganese, barium, molybdenum, tungsten, nitrogen, and oxygen—and got credit for none of them. [---7---] He also discovered many useful compounds, among them ammonia, glycerin, and tannic acid, and was the first to see the commercial potential of chlorine as a bleach—[-8-]



roots was not lost on eager businesspeople, but the difficulties of manufacture made it too costly to exploit industrial scale in bulk It was largely because of this mastery of phosphorus that Sweden became, and remains, a leading producer of matches. with little in the way of advanced apparatus In every case, his finds were either overlooked or made it into publication after someone else had made the same discovery independently. all breakthroughs that made other people extremely wealthy.
它很快被称之为磷，这个名字源自希腊文和拉丁文，意思是"会发光的"。有眼光的实业界人士看到了这种物质的潜在商业价值，但生产的难度很大，成本太高，不好开发。一盎司(约28.35克)磷的零售价高达6几尼--很可能相当于今天的300英镑--换句话说，比黄金还要贵。 起先，人们号召士兵们提供原料，但这样的做法对工业规模的生产几乎无济于事。18世纪50年代，一位名叫卡尔•金勒的瑞典化学家发明了一种方法，不用又脏又臭的尿就能大量生产磷。很大程度上就是因为掌握了这种生产磷的方法，瑞典才成为--而且现在还是--火柴的一个主要生产国。 　　金勒既是个非同寻常的，又是个极其倒霉的人。他是个地位低下的药剂师，几乎在没有先进仪器的情况下发现了8种元素--氯、氟、锰、钡、钼、钨、氮和氧--但什么功劳也没有得到。每一次，他的发现要么不受人注意，要么在别人独立做出同样的发现以后才加以发表。他还发现了许多有用的化合物，其中有氨、甘油和单宁酸；他还认为氯可以用做漂白剂--具有潜在商业价值的第一人--这些重大的成就都使别人发了大财。