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《西方哲学史》是一部在全球知识界影响巨大的学术名作。自20世纪60年代初期介绍到我国后,在知识分子中产生了普遍影响,不少人都曾焚香静读。将其视为案头的必备哲学读本。其叙述年代从希腊文明的兴起一直到现代的逻辑分析哲学。在这部哲学史中,罗素特别对他认为对西方哲学的发展有着重要影响的历史事件和人物辟专章作了较详细的论述。

作者(Bertrand Russell)简介:

罗素(1872—1970),当今时代理性主义和人道主义的代言人,是西方思想解放与言论自由的见证人。二十世纪最有影响的哲学家、数学家、逻辑学家之一,分析哲学创始人,同时也是活跃的政治活动家,并致力于哲学的大众化、普及化。作为哲学家,罗素的主要贡献在于数理逻辑方面,是逻辑原子论和新实在论的主要创始人之一。以此为基础的现代分析哲学在西方近代哲学史上具有重要的地位。罗素出身于英国一个贵族家庭,是罗素伯爵的第三代继承人,其祖父曾两次出任英国首相。1945年,罗素在美国出版了《西方哲学史》一书,该书不但为罗素带来了丰厚的收入,还是罗素获得1950年诺贝尔文学奖的重要原因之一。其代表作有《西方哲学史》、《神秘主义与逻辑》、《怀疑论》、《婚姻与道德》等。

Book One - ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY - [Part I. The Pre-Socratics]

[CHAPTER II] CHAPTER II The Milesian School

№.1 - The Greeks were rash in their hypotheses, but the Milesian school, at least, was prepared to test them empirically. Too little is known of Thales to make it possible to reconstruct him at all satisfactorily, but of his successors in Miletus much more is known, and it is reasonable to suppose that something of their outlook came from him. His science and his philosophy were both crude, but they were such as to stimulate both thought and observation.

【译文】希腊人是勇于大胆假设的,但至少米利都学派却是准备从经验上来考查这些假设的。关于泰勒斯我们知道得太少了,因而不可能完全满意地恢复他的学说,但是关于他的米利都学派的后继者们,我们知道的要多得多;因此设想他的后继者们的看法有些得自于泰勒斯,这是十分合理的。他的科学和哲学都很粗糙,但却能激发思想与观察。

【小编评注】米利都的泰勒斯(Thales,前624—前547)是古希腊第一个自然科学家和哲学家,希腊最早的唯物主义学派——米利都学派的创始人。泰勒斯生于米利都,他的家庭属于奴隶主贵族阶级,所以他从小就受到了良好的教育。

【短语笔记】make it possible - 使...成为可能

【例】Broadcasting satellites make it possible for us to hear news from all over the world.(广播卫星使我们都能听到来自世界各地的消息。 )

№.2 - This conception of justice --of not overstepping eternally fixed bounds--was one of the most profound of Greek beliefs. The gods were subject to justice just as much as men were, but this supreme power was not itself personal, and was not a supreme God.

【译文】这种正义的观念--即不能逾越永恒固定的界限的观念--是一种最深刻的希腊信仰。神祇正象人一样,也要服从正义。但是这种至高无上的力量其本身是非人格的,而不是至高无上的神。

【小编评注】强调了唯物主义科学的客观性。

【短语笔记】subject to - 经受,遭受;使处于……的控制下;使接受,使容忍

【举一反三】subject oneself to supervision - 接受监督

【例】

(1)They may be beaten eventually to death by a man in their home or subject to what we consider torturous behavior or imprisonment. (或许,这些妇女最终被,家中的男人殴打致死,或者最终屈服于这种殴打折磨,甚至监禁。)

(2)Financial activities of institutions of higher learning should be subject to supervision in accordance with law. (高等学校的财务活动应当依法接受监督。)

№.3 - The Milesian school is important, not for what it achieved, but for what is attempted. It was brought into existence by the contact of the Greek mind with Babylonia and Egypt. Miletus was a rich commercial city, in which primitive prejudices and superstitions were softened by intercourse with many nations.

【译文】米利都学派是重要的,并不是因为它的成就,而是因为它所尝试的东西。它的产生是由于希腊的心灵与巴比伦和埃及相接触的结果。米利都是一个富庶的商业城市,在那里原始的偏见和迷信已经由于许多国家的相互交通而被冲淡了。

【小编评注】泰勒斯是古希腊的著名哲学家、天文学家、数学家和科学家。他招收学生,建立了学园,创立了米利都学派。他不仅是当时自发唯物主义的代表,同时也是较早的科学启蒙者,人们称他为“科学之祖”。

【短语笔记】be softened by - 使……缓和

【举一反三】be sharpen by - 使……受打磨

【例】

(1)Although food prices may rise moderately as a result of the drought , the impact will be softened by government intervention to ensure adequate grain supply . (虽然干旱导致食品价格稍有上涨,但是由于政府会确保粮食的足够供给,因此价格的上涨将会得到缓和。)

(2) In the Mood for Love in the U.S., forging Sharpen your own is the best all over the world; you are not afraid of a strong enemy to show himself, and is the most vigorous and brave! (在我们的花样年华中,你们磨砺锻造了自己,就是全世界最好的;你们不畏强敌,展示了自己,就是最勇敢最有魄力的!)

№.4 - The next stage in Greek philosophy, which is associated with the Greek cities in southern Italy, is more religious, and, in particular, more Orphic--in some ways more interesting, admirable in achievement, but in spirit less scientific than that of the Milesians.

【译文】希腊哲学的下一阶段是和意大利南部的希腊城市相联系着的,它有着更多的宗教性,特别是有着更多的奥尔弗斯教义--在某些方面是更有趣的,它的成就是可赞美的,但是它的精神却比不上米利都学派那样科学了。

【小编评注】奥尔弗斯教,一般译为俄耳甫斯教。神秘主义的俄耳甫斯崇拜是围绕解放神狄俄尼索斯-扎格列欧斯展开的,其中狄俄尼索斯-扎格列欧斯被视为世界的最高统治者、世界的灵魂。扎格列欧斯反对提坦们的战斗,扎格列欧斯之死及其复活等事件,都被俄耳甫斯秘密教仪视为一种象征,是人的生命在自然与精神世界中历险的象征。

【短语笔记】in particular - 特别地,尤其

【举一反三】同义词:particularly

【例】

(1)The risk is that Europe will get hit harder , in particular its financial system .(风险在于欧洲将遭受更严重的冲击,特别是欧洲的金融体系。)

(2)Cummings actually boldly experimented with this principle and he attracted the attention of the linguists, particularly a linguist named Dell Hymes. (对此,卡明斯做了一个大胆的试验,吸引了语言学家的注意,特别是德尔海默斯。)

本文由沪友 落落 独家提供,原文译文摘自《西方哲学史》[商务印书馆,1977-6],转载请注明出处。