英译汉：创业者们的十大迷思（英汉对照）

Top ten geek business myths

Since I've started my new career as a venture capitalist I have become keenly aware of some of the classic mistakes that geeks make when trying to raise money for a new business. Instead of writing the same comments over and over again I thought I'd try to summarize some of the mistakes that people -- especially smart people -- make when they decide to try to turn their bright ideas into money. Here then is my top-ten list of geek business myths:

Myth #1: A brilliant idea will make you rich.

Reality: A brilliant idea is neither necessary nor sufficient for a successful business, although all else being equal it can't hurt. Microsoft is probably the canonical example of a successful business, and it has never had a single brilliant idea in its entire history. (To the contrary, Microsoft has achieved success largely by seeking out and destroying other people's brilliant ideas.) Google was based on a couple of brilliant ideas (Page rank, text-only ads, massive parallel implementation on cheap hardware) but none of those ideas were original with Larry or Sergey. This is not to say that Larry, Sergey and Bill are not bright guys -- all three of them are sharper than I can ever hope to be. But the idea that any of them woke up one day with an inspiration and coasted the rest of the way to riches is a myth.

Myth #2: If you build it they will come.

There is a grain of truth to this myth. There have been examples of businesses that just built a product, cast it upon the ether(net), and achieved success. (Google is the canonical example.) But for every Google there are ten examples of companies that had killer products that didn't sell for one reason or another. My favorite example of this is the first company I tried to start back in 1993. It was called FlowNet, and it was a new design for a high speed local area network. It ran at 500Mb/s in a time when 10 Mb/s ethernet was the norm. For more than five years, FlowNet had the best price/performance ratio of any available network. On top of that, FlowNet had built-in quality-of-service guarantees for streaming video. If FlowNet had taken over the world your streaming video would be working a lot better today than it does.

But despite the fact that on a technical level FlowNet blew everything else out of the water it was an abysmal failure as a business. We never sold a single unit. The full story of why FlowNet failed would take me far afield, but if I had to sum it up in a nutshell the reason it didn't sell was very simple: it wasn't Ethernet. And if we'd done our homework and market research we could have known that this would be, if not a show-stopper at least a significant obstacle. And we would have known it before we spent tens of thousands of dollars of our own money on patent attorneys and prototypes.

 
Myth #3: Someone will steal your idea if you don't protect it.

Reality: No one gives a damn about your idea until you actually succeed and by then it's too late. Even on the off chance that you do manage to stumble across someone who is as excited about your idea as you are, if they have any brains they will join you rather than try to beat you. (And if they don't have any brains then it doesn't matter what they do.)

Patent protection does serve one useful purpose: it can make investors feel warm and fuzzy, especially naive investors. But I strongly recommend that you do your own patent filings. It's not hard to do once you learn how (get the Nolo Press book "Patent it Yourself"). You'll do a better job than most patent attorneys and save yourself a lot of money.

Myth #4: What you think matters.

Reality: It matters not one whit that you and all your buddies think that your idea is the greatest thing since sliced pizza (unless, of course, your buddies are rich enough to be the customer base for your business). What matters is what your customers think. It is natural to assume that if you and your buddies think your idea is cool that millions of other people out there will think it's cool too, and sometimes it works out that way, but usually not. The reason is that if you are smart enough to have a brilliant idea then you (and most likely your buddies) are different from everyone else. I don't mean to sound condescending here, but the sad fact of the matter is that compared to you, most people are pretty dumb (look at how many people vote Republican ;-) and they care about dumb things. (I just heard about a new clothing store in Pasadena that has lines around the block. A clothing store!) If you cater only to people who care about the things that you care about then your customer base will be pretty small.

Myth #5: Financial models are bogus.

As with myth #2 there is a grain of truth here. As Carl Sagan was fond of saying, prophecy is a lost art. There is no way to know for sure how much money your business is going to make, or how much it will cost to get to market. The reason for doing financial models is to do a reality check and convince yourself that making a return on investment is even a plausible possibility. If you run the numbers and find out that in order to reach break-even you need a customer base that is ten times larger than the currently known market for your product then you should probably rethink things. As Dwight Eisenhower said: plans are useless, but planning is indispensible.

This myth is the basis for one of the most classic mistakes that geeks make when pitching their ideas. They will say things like "Even if we only capture 1% of the market we'll make big bucks." Statements like that are a dead giveaway that you haven't done your homework to find out what your customers actually want. You may as well say: there's a good chance that only 1 customer in 100 will buy our product (and frankly, we're not even sure about that). Doesn't exactly inspire confidence.

Myth #6: What you know matters more than who you know.

Reality: You've been in denial about this your whole life. You were either brought up to believe that being smart mattered, or you just didn't believe your mother when she told you that getting along with the other kids was more important than getting straight A's.

The truth is, who you know matters more than what you know. This is not to say that being smart and knowledgable is useless. Knowing "what" is often an effective means of getting introduced to the right "whos". But ultimately, the people you know and trust (and more importantly who trust you) matter more than the factual knowledge you may have at your immediate disposal. And there is a sound reason for this: business decisions are horrifically complicated. No one person can possibly amass all the knowledge and experience required to make a broad range of such decisions on their own, so effective business people delegate much of their decision-making to other people. And when they choose who to delegate to, their first pick is always people they know and trust.

Myth #7: A Ph.D. means something.

Reality: The only thing a Ph.D. means is that you're not a moron, and you're willing to put up with the bullshit it takes to slog your way through a Ph.D. program somewhere. Empirically, having a Ph.D. is negatively correlated with business success. This is because the reward structure in academia is almost the exact opposite of what it is in business. In academia, what your peers think matters. In business, it's what your customers think that matters, and your customers are (almost certainly) not your peers.
 

Myth #8: I need $5 million to start my business

Reality: Unless you're building hardware (in which case you should definitely rethink what you're doing) you most likely don't need any startup capital at all. Paul Graham has written extensively about this so I won't belabor it too much, except to say this: you don't need much startup capital, but what you do need is a willingness to work your buns off. You have to bring your brilliant idea to fruition yourself; no one else will do it for you, and no one will give you the money to hire someone to do it for you. The reason is very simple: if you don't believe in the commercial potential of your idea enough to give up your evenings and weekends to own a bigger chunk of it, why should anyone else believe in it enough to put their hard-earned money at risk?

Myth #9: Having no competition is a good thing.

Reality: If you have no competition the most likely reason for that is that there's no money to be made. There are six billion people on this planet, and it's very unlikely that every last of them will have left a lucrative market niche completely unexploited.

The good news is that it is very likely that your competition sucks. The vast majority of businesses are not run very well. They make shoddy products. They treat their customers and their employees like shit. It's not hard to find market opportunities where you can go in and kick the competition's ass. You don't want no competition, what you want is bad competition. And there's plenty of that out there.

Myth #10: : After the IPO I'll be happy.

If you don't enjoy the process of starting a business then you will probably not succeed. It's just too much work, and it will suck you dry if you're not having fun doing it. Even if you get filthy stinking rich you will just have more time to look back across the years you wasted being miserable and nursing your acid reflux. The charm of expensive cars and whatnot wears off quickly. There's only one kind of happiness that money can buy, and that is the opportunity to be on the other side of the table when some bright kid comes along with a brilliant idea for a business.

All these myths can be neatly summarized in a pithy slogan: it's the customer, stupid. Success in business is not about having a brilliant idea. Bright ideas are a dime a dozen. Business is about taking a bright idea and assembling a team that can turn that idea into a product and bring that product to customers who want to buy it. It's that simple. And that complicated.

Good luck.

创业者们的十大迷思

我最近成了一名风险投资人，所以经常可以遇到一些创业者[1]在创业时常犯的错误。为了避免一遍又一遍的重复说教，我想把这些错误在这里做一个总结：

迷思一：一个好想法就可以让你赚大钱

事 实是好想法对于商业成功既不是充分条件也不是必要条件。微软应该算是获得商业成功的典型，但是在它的整个发家史上却找不到一个完全独创的"好想法"。事实 上微软正式通过模仿对手的想法并在竞争中打败对手而一步步发展壮大的。Google确实有一些独创的，像Page Rank，Ad-words，廉价机器集群等。但是这些没有一个是由Larry和Sergey想出来的。这并不是说Larry、Sergey和Bill不 够聪明，实际上他们三个比任何人都要犀利。但如果你认为他们只是有一天突然有了一个灵感接着就发财了，那只能说你是痴人说梦。

迷思二：东西做出来自然会有人用

但是尽管FlowNet在技术层面上 可以打败任何竞争者，它却在商业上遭受了巨大的失败。我们连一块也没有卖出去。原因很简单：它与局域网标准不兼容。如果当时我们做足功课，做些市场调查， 我们就会知道兼容性即使不是致命的也将会是个大问题。那样我们就不会把自己数以万计的美元浪费在专利申请和样片生产上了。

 
迷思三：如果你不申请专利，别人会偷走你的想法

有时候专利还是有点用的：它会让投资人感觉很保险。但我强烈建议你自己来处理专利申请，通过一些学习你可以做得比专利申请代理商做得更好，而且可以节省一大笔钱。

迷思四：你的看法很重要

事 实上你和你的合伙人对你们产品的看法没有任何意义，重要的是客户会怎么看待你们的产品。我们很自然的会假设，如果你和你的伙计们都认为你们的产品很好，那 么其他成千上万的人们也会这样认为，事情有的时候是这样，但大多数的时候不是。原因是你是如此的聪明可以设计出这么好的产品，那么你跟那些产品的使用者是 不一样的。相对于你，你的客户们要更为平庸一些，他们的口味也会更为平庸一些。如果你的产品是为了迎合那些会在乎你自己在乎的那些东西的人的话，你的用户 群将会非常小。

迷思五：盈利模式都是假的

就像迷思二一样，有时候这也是事实。像Carl Sagan常说的"预言是失败的艺术"。你永远也无法知道你的生意会赚多少钱，也无法知道要花多少钱去占领市场。需要盈利模式的理由是让你自己做一个全面 的思考，并让自己确信投资将会得到回报。如果你经过计算发现，即使只是要保持不亏损你的用户群也必须比现在的市场大十倍，那么你也许就需要重新考虑了。就 像艾森豪威尔说的，计划一无是处，但作计划却不可或缺。

以此为基础，很多创业者们都会犯一个典型的错误。他们常这样说"只要我们占有哪怕是1%的 市场份额，我们也会赚大钱"。这样的说法直接暴露出你没有仔细的分析过用户的需求。你也许同样会说"100个客户中至少会有一个客户买我们的东西吧（或者 坦白地说，这一点也不能肯定）"。这样想根本无法增强自信心。

迷思六：懂得的知识比认识的人重要

你一直都拒绝否认这一点。从小到大，你都相信聪明比什么都重要，你也不会相信妈妈所说的"学会与他人相处比学习成绩更重要"。
事 实是-人际关系比知识要来的重要。这并不是说聪明、有学问没有用。你的学识一定程度上决定了你会被推荐给"谁"。但最终，你认识并信任，更重要的是信任 你，的人会比你的学识对你的前程有更大的决定性作用。商业活动是异常复杂的。没有任何一个人有可能具有完成一个商业决定所需要的所有知识和经验，所以精明 的人们会把他们的权力下放给其他人。而当他们选择下放的对象是，首先想到的就是他们认识并信任的人。
 

迷思七：博士头衔很有用

实 际上拥有博士头衔只能证明你不是低能儿。从我的经验看来，拥有博士头衔只会对获得商业成功产生负面影响。因为在学业上获得成功的方式与在商业上获得成功的 方式恰好相反。在学业上，你的同僚决定你的成功，在商业上，你的顾客决定你的成功，而你的顾客，基本上可以肯定的说，不会是你的同僚。

迷思八：我需要500万作为启动资金

事实上除非你是做硬件的，否则你根本就不需要任何的启动资金。Paul Graham 说过很多关于这方面的内容，我就不展开了，之说几句：你不需要启动资金，但你必须愿意自己做。你必须自己实现自己的想法，没有人会为你去做，也没有人会出 钱雇人为你去做。原因很简单：如果你都不愿意为你想法的商业潜能而放弃你的休息时间，为什么别人要用他们辛苦赚来的钱为此冒险。

迷思九：没有竞争对手再好不过

如果你所处的行业没有竞争对手，最有可能的理由是，它根本就不能赚钱。这个世界上有60亿人口，几乎完全没有可能还存在一个没有任何人发觉的有利可图的市场。

最好的消息莫过于你的竞争对手都很菜。绝大部分的公司都运作的不是特别好。他们制作赝品、欺骗顾客、他们的员工都很傻冒。你总是可以很容易的找到市场机会，进入，然后打败竞争者。你并不想要没有竞争对手，你想要的是差的竞争对手，放心，他们多得是。

迷思十：上市会让我开心

如果创业的过程让你厌倦，你大概是不会成功的。它是如此艰难，如果你不能从中找到乐趣，它会让你筋疲力尽。即使你通过肮脏的交易变得富有，当你回首往事的 时候也只是会惋惜青春的流逝。古董和跑车带来的快乐是短暂的。只有一种快乐是可以用钱买到的：就是当你作为投资人听一个小伙子兴奋的向你讲述他新鲜的商业 计划。

所有这些都可以总结成一句话：重要的是客户。商业成功的不只是一个好想法，好想法到处都是。商业成功是需要有一个好想法、组织一个好团队、把想法做成好产品、最终把它卖给客户。很简单，也很复杂。

祝你好运！

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