1. clothes, cloth, clothing
clothes 统指各种衣服,谓语动词永远是复数;cloth 指布,为不可数名词;clothing 服装的总称,指一件衣服用a piece of, an article of 。
2. incident, accident
incident 指小事件,accident 指不幸的事故。如:He was killed in the accident.      
3. amount, number
amount 后接不可数名词, number 后接可数名词,如:a number of students。
4. family, house, home
home 指家,包括住处和家人,house 指房子、住宅,family 指家庭成员,如:My family is a happy one.      
5. sound, voice, noise
sound 指自然界各种各样的声音,voice 指人的嗓音,noise 指噪音,如:I hate the loud noise outside.
6. photo, picture, drawing
photo 指用照相机拍摄的照片,picture 可指相片、图片、电影片,drawing 指画的画,如:Let's go and see a good picture.     
7. vocabulary, word
vocabulary 指词汇,一个人拥有的单词量;word 指具体的单词。如:He has a large vocabulary.      
8. population, people
population 指人口、人数,people 指具体的人,如:China has a large population.      
9. weather, climate
weather 指一天内具体的天气状况,climate 指长期的气候状况,如:The climate here is not good for you.      
10. road, street, path, way
road 指具体的公路、马路,street 指街道,path 指小路、小径,way 指道路、途径。如:take this road; in the street; show me the way to the museum.
11. course, subject
course 指课程(可包括多门科目),subject 指科目(具体的学科),如:a summer course。     
12. custom, habit
custom 指传统风俗、习俗,也可指生活习惯,后接to do;habit 指生活习惯,习惯成自然,后接of doing。 如:I've got the habit of drinking a lot.  
13. cause, reason
cause 指造成某一事实或现象的直接原因,后接 of sth./doing sth.;reason用来解释某种现象或结果的理由,后接for sth./doing sth., 如:the reason for being late。     
14. exercise, exercises, practice
exercise 指运动、锻炼(不可数),exercises 指练习(可数),practice 指(反复做的)练习。如:Practice makes perfect.      
15. class, lesson
作“课”解时,两者可以替换;指课文用lesson,指班级或全体学生用class,如:lesson 6; class 5。
16. speech, talk, lecture
speech 指在公共场所所做的经过准备的较正式的演说,talk 指日常生活中的一般的谈话、讲话,lecture 指学术性的演讲、讲课,如:a series of lecture on…      
17. officer, official
officer 指部队的军官,official 指政府官员,如:an army officer 。
18. work, job
二者均指工作,work 不可数,job 可数,如:a good job。 
19. couple, pair
couple 主要指人或动物,pair 多指由两部分组成的东西,如:a pair of trousers。     
20. country, nation, state, land
country 侧重指版图、疆域,nation 指人民、国民、民族,state 侧重指政府、政体,land 指国土、国家。如:The whole nation was sad at the news.  
21. cook, cooker
cook 指厨师,cooker 指厨具,如:He is a good cook.  
22. damage, damages
damage 是不可数名词,指损害、损失;damages 为复数形式,指赔偿金,如:$900 damages。     
23. police, policeman
police 是警察的总称,后接复数谓语动词;policeman 指某个具体的警察。如:The police are questioning everyone in the house.      
24. problem, question
problem 常和困难连系,前面的动词常为think about, solve, raise;question 常和疑问连系,多和ask, answer 连用。 
25. man, a man  
man 指人类,a man 指一个男人。如:Man will conquer nature.
26. chick, chicken

二者均可指小鸡,chicken 还可以当鸡肉,如:The chicken is delicious.  
27. telegram, telegraph
当“电报”解时,telegram 指具体的,telegraph 指抽象的,如:a telegram, by telegraph。
28. trip, journey, travel, voyage
travel 是最常用的,trip 指短期的旅途,journey 指稍长的旅途,voyage 指海上航行,如:a three-day trip。     
29. sport, game
sport 多指户外的游戏或娱乐活动,如打球、游泳、打猎、赛马等;game 指决定胜负的游戏,通常有一套规则。如:His favorite sport is swimming.      
30. price, prize
price 指价格,prize 指奖、奖品、奖金,如:win the first prize The price is high/low.