一、开头结构三步走

Background information

Issue under discussion

Personal idea (这也是我们常说的thesis statement)

Prediction (对文章总体内容的预测,不强求考生在考试时候写)

在这个必写的前三点中,很多学生会发现背景信息无从下手,不知道怎么写。于是,有了模板,就将题目里面的话硬生生地套进去了。当然,我们发现了一个有趣的现象,那就是,有的学生用固定句型套进去后得了高分,有的则相反,为什么会出现这种情况,我们将在其他的博文中提到。今天,我们将重点落在如何写background information上。要写好Background information 首先要在审题的时候搞清楚什么是facts,什么是 view,分清这两点是我们写好开头的,包括全文正文议论部分的重点。

二、示例

Example 1:

Some say that building more roads will help reduce the traffic congestion in big cities. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this. Do you support or oppose this statement?

Example 2:

In some countries young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year between finishing high school and starting university studies. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for young people who decide to do this.

例1

这句话“Some say that building more roads will help reduce the traffic congestion in big cities.”是一个观点。其中say告诉我们,这个是个人持有的想法,而且是可以提出反对意见并对其进行批驳的,因此也被称为debatable statement。

表示提出观点的同义词有:think, believe, hold, maintain, state, claim, present, support, be in favor of, be for, be opposite to, object to, be against…

在开头段中要求给出的background information应该是一个事实信息,因此,在例1中,我们不可以通过照抄题目,当作background information。所谓的背景信息,你只要问自己一个问题,即:“在一个怎么样的社会环境下产生了一个有争议的话题”。回答了这个问题,background information就出来了。

例1 中给出“有些人认为建更多的道路能减缓大城市交通拥堵状况。”提出这个观点的前提是存在交通拥堵情况,并且很严重,需要解决。交通拥堵情况的产生的根源是大量使用汽车、或者是道路规划存在问题等,因此这些就是这个话题的前提,也就是在这个背景下,产生了这个话题,因此background information就应运而生了。比如我们可以写成:

Sample 1:

With the popularity of automobile in big cities, an increasing number of problems have arisen, one of which is the traffic congestion.

在内容有了之后,我们就要开始追求词汇和句型了,paraphrase是重要技巧之一。全篇文章中要做paraphrase 的地方很多,比如如何阐述要讨论的话题,body部分的concluding sentence,结尾段的restatement of the thesis statement; summarize the topic sentences. 包括在小作文中也很重要。 我们也会在之后的博文中重点讨论如何paraphrase。

以上这个句子,我们也可以扩展成以下语义更复杂的句子:

Sample 2:

When technology accelerates, an inevitable consequence brought with it is the unprecedented problems arising from it. Similarly, the enjoyment of automobile in modern cities also leaves people an ever intricate problem---the traffic congestion.

例2:

In some countries young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year between finishing high school and starting university studies. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for young people who decide to do this.

题目给出“在一些国家,年轻人被鼓励在高中毕业和大学之间,花一年的时间来工作或旅游。”这个就被称为了non-debatable statement,因为这个做法已经存在,也没法去反驳,因此是个事实信息。我们就可以直接把它拿来做背景了。完全照抄是不得不到高分的,paraphrase和sentence variety的功力就要体现在这里了,参考Sample:

Sample1:

Instead of directly attending university after the graduation from high school, youngsters in some countries are encouraged to spend one year working or travelling around first.

Sample 2:

There is a tendency that high school graduates are urged to work or travel for one year before their receiving higher education.

因此,认真审题,分清fact和opinion在写作中是至关重要的。