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Carol Greider on her 2009 Nobel Prize for work on chromosomes

EarthSky

Deborah Byrd:Today，Carol Greider，a molecular biologist at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. Along with two collaborators, Greider won the 2009 Nobel Prize in Medicine for her work on chromosomes.

黛博拉·伯德：今天的访谈嘉宾是来自巴尔的摩市约翰·霍普金斯大学的分子生物学家卡罗尔·格蕾德。她和两名同事因染色体研究成果共同获得2009年诺贝尔医学奖。

Carol Greider: Chromosomes are where all the DNA is in the cell that gives instructions for all the processes that the cell has to carry out. The chromosome is duplicated every time the cell has to divide.

卡罗尔·格蕾德：细胞中的DNA组成染色体，它们指导细胞所有的生命活动。细胞分裂时，染色体需要复制。

Deborah Byrd: And cell division is what keeps our bodies healthy and growing. Greider explained that, when cells divide, a little material gets sheared off the ends of the chromosomes. About two decades ago, Greider figured out that an enzyme called telomerase is what prevents our chromosomes from becoming smaller and smaller.

黛博拉·伯德：细胞分裂对维持机体健康生长具有重要意义。格蕾德告诉我们，细胞分裂时染色体端粒会发生降解。大约20年前，格莱德发现一种叫端粒酶的物质，它保护端粒不受降解，从而维持染色体的长度。

Carol Greider: The telomerase is an enzyme, sort of like a little machine inside the cell. It balances out the shortening that occurs during cell division.

卡罗尔·格蕾德：端粒酶是一种酵素，它就像细胞里的微型修复器，使染色体不会因为细胞分裂越变越短。

Deborah Byrd: If cells get too short, she said, they stop dividing altogether. Since her initial discovery of these enzyme, medical applications for it have been found---for example, in helping stop the runaway cell growth associated with cancer.

黛博拉·伯德：如果染色体过短，细胞将停止分裂。端粒酶一经发现就在医学中得到了广泛应用，例如，端粒酶可用于延缓细胞由于端粒缩短导致的癌变。

Carol Greider: If you block telomerase, in certain kind of cancer cells, you can actually stop those cancer cells from dividing.

卡罗尔·格蕾德：抑制癌细胞中的染色体端粒酶将有效阻止癌细胞分裂。

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