历年真题精析——命题剖析及复习指导(4)
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideas of representative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society.6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7 set of 1aws.
On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the Church,9there was less agreement10the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one11by the Spanish crown.12most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism13the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the14of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying15for the conservative forces.
The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had16in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain's17colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much18because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies19.Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was20selfrule and democracy.
到了1830年，原来的西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地变成了独立的国家。这些国家的大约2千万居民对未来充满期待。许多独立国家的领导人在旧政权和伊比利亚殖民主义岌岌可危时出生，他们都认同议会制政府，向人才开放职业，商业贸易自由，私有财产所有权，认为个人是社会的基础。他们普遍认为新国家应该是独立的主权国家，足够大，能够在经济上切实可行，由一套共同法律让各个新的独立国家联合起来。
但是，在宗教自由和教会地位这个问题上，各国领导人之间存在着分歧。罗马天主教过去是西班牙国教，是唯一得到西班牙王室承认的宗教。多数领导人致力于保留天主教为新国家的官方宗教，而一些领导人致力于终结不能有其他宗教信仰的状况。保卫教会成为保守势力的战斗口号。
独立国家早期领导者们的理想通常是平等主义，重视一切平等。玻利瓦尔得到海地的援助，作为回报，他承诺在自己解放的地区废除奴隶制。到了1854年，除了西班牙前殖民地外，奴隶制在其他地区都已被废除。对结束印地安人的上贡问题和对混血人种的税收问题的早期承诺较晚才实现，这是因为新独立的国家仍然需要这些政策所带来的税收收入。平等的情绪通常由于担心大众没有准备好自治和民主而有所缓解。
1. [A] natives [B] inhabitants [C] peoples [D] individuals
2. [A] confusedly [B] cheerfully [C] worriedly [D] hopefully
3. [A] shared [B] forgot [C] attained [D] rejected
4. [A] related [B] close [C] open [D] devoted
5. [A] access [B] succession [C] right [D] return
6. [A] Presumably [B] Incidentally [C] Obviously [D] Generally
7. [A] unique [B] common [C] particular [D] typical
8. [A] freedom [B] origin [C] impact [D] reform
9. [A] therefore [B] however [C] indeed [D] moreover
10. [A] with [B] about [C] among [D] by
11. [A] allowed [B] preached [C] granted [D] funded
12. [A] Since [B] If [C] Unless [D] While
13. [A] as [B] for [C] under [D] against
14. [A] spread [B] interference [C] exclusion [D] influence
15. [A] support [B] cry [C] plea [D] wish
16. [A] urged [B] intended [C] expected [D] promised
17. [A] controlling [B] former [C] remaining [D] original
18. [A] slower [B] faster [C] easier [D] tougher
19. [A] created [B] produced [C] contributed [D] preferred
20. [A] puzzled by [B] hostile to [C] pessimistic about [D] unprepared for
[内容提要]
本文讲述西班牙和葡萄牙在美洲的殖民地独立后领导人一致认为应该按照现代国家理念建立新的国度，而在宗教方面领导者们的意见不一致，并且说平等主义的推广有一定的难度。
1.[正确答案] B
[考查重点] 词义辨析
[解题过程] 独立后的国家居民由原住民和移民共同构成，因此，强干扰项A可排除。而居民既包括原住民也包括移民，故选B。
2.[正确答案] D
[考查重点] 语义衔接
[解题过程] 前一句指出各殖民地已经独立，所以人们对未来的态度应该是积极的，而"充满希望地"与"对未来的展望"应该是最恰当的。
3.[正确答案] A
[考查重点] 语义衔接
[解题过程] 我们从the ideas of representative government, careers to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society...这些字里行间看出这些ideas是现代制度和法律所支持的观念，虽然这些领导人出身于旧政体和伊比利亚殖民主义的危机之中，他们（选择）分享这些观念。可先排除否定意义的B、D项。C项attain这个词一般指的是通过不断的努力获得某种知识或达到某个目标。因此，正确答案为A，许多独立国家领导人都认同议会政府。
4.[正确答案] C
[考查重点] 语义衔接/固定搭配
[解题过程] 本题目选择形容词，在句子中体现前、后名词之间的关系。many of the leaders of independence shared the ideas of representative government, careers to talent, freedom of commerce and trade,... "许多独立国家领导人都认同议会政府，职业......于人才，商业和贸易自由......"选项A. related to 相关的；B. close to接近；C. open to 公开的；开着的；D. devoted to 奉献的; 投入的。符合语境的只有C，careers open to talent "职位向有才能的人开放"。
5.[正确答案] C
[考查重点] 语义衔接
[解题过程] 本题目选择名词，在句子中体现句子内容的连贯性。many of the leaders of independence shared the ideas of representative government, careers open to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. "许多独立国家的领导人都认同议会政府，认为职业应该向人才开放，认可商业贸易自由，认可私有财产的......，认为个人是社会的基础"。选项A. access to 接近；有权使用; B. succession to 继承；C. right to ...的权利；D. return to 返回。从前面的"议会制政府"，"向人才开放的职业"，"商业和贸易自由"可以看出这里提到的是推动国家进步和发展，充分调动人们积极性的另一个理念"人们对私有财产的所有权"，故此处选择right。因此，正确答案为C。
6.[正确答案] D
[考查重点] 语义衔接
[解题过程] 本题目选择副词，体现前、后两个句子之间的逻辑关系。there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, "有一种......的信念，新独立的国家应该是自治并且独立的国家。"选项A. presumably 大概；B. incidentally 偶然；C. obviously 显然；D. generally 普遍。在上文中 many of the leaders of independence shared the ideas of representative government, careers open to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the right to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. "许多独立国家的领导人都认同议会政府，认为职业应该向人才开放，认可商业贸易自由，认可私有财产的......，认为个人是社会的基础。" 该句与后面的句子没有任何内容相反或转折的信号词，可以判断两个句子是顺接关系，后面承接上一句内容而来，继续介绍新的独立国家领导人都认同的理念。因此，正确答案为D。
7.[正确答案] B
[考查重点] 语义衔接/词义辨析
[解题过程] 本题目选择形容词，在句子中充当定语。Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by aset of laws. "有一种普遍接受的信念，新独立的国家应该是自治并且独立的国家, 要足够大并且能够在经济上运行良好，通过一套......的法律将各个新独立的国家联合"。选项A. unique唯一的；B. common普通的；C. particular特别的,独有的；D. typical 典型的。想要"联合各个国家"只有通过共同接受的法律才能够实现。因此，正确答案为B。
8.[正确答案] A
[考查重点] 语义衔接
[解题过程] 本题目选择名词，在句子中做宾语。句子叙述到On the issue ofof religion and the position of the Church...。"关于宗教的......和教会地位的问题。"选项A. freedom自由；B. origin 起源；C. impact 影响；D. reform 改革。四个选项在句子中似乎都合理，确定该题目为语义衔接题。由于前文叙述内容未涉及宗教，所以信息在后文。浏览下面语句发现，罗马天主教是西班牙国教，是西班牙王室唯一认可的宗教。多数领导人致力于保留天主教为新国家的官方宗教；而另一些领导人致力于终结排斥其他宗教的状况。显然，是关于宗教信仰的自由问题产生分歧。因此，正确答案为A。
9.[正确答案] B
[考查重点] 逻辑衔接
[解题过程] 本题目选择逻辑关系词，体现前后句子之间的逻辑关系。On the issue of freedom of religion and the position of the Church,there was less agreement...。"关于宗教信仰自由和教会地位的问题，各国领导人之间存在分歧。"选项A. therefore 因此(表结果)；B. however 然而(表转折)；C. indeed的确（表确定）；D. moreover而且（表递进）。第一段中叙述到Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws. "有一种普遍接受的信念，新独立的国家应该是自治并且独立的国家, 要足够大并且能够在经济上运行良好，通过一套共同的法律将各个新独立的国家联合"，介绍了新成立的独立国家领导人之间在治国理念方面的共识。而随后的语句there was less agreement-the leadership，提到的是他们之间存在的分歧，显然两部分之间为转折关系。因此，正确答案为B。
10.[正确答案] C
[考查重点] 惯用衔接
[解题过程] 本题目选择介词，体现叙述内容的范围。On the issue of freedom of religion and the position of the Church, however there was less agreement the leadership."关于宗教信仰自由和教会地位的问题，各国领导人在主导地位......方面存在分歧。"本句表明各国领导人之间在宗教问题方面不那么有默契了，among表示"在......之间"，这里among the leadership表范围。其他几个介词与后面内容搭配作状语时，都不表示范围。因此，正确答案为C。
11.[正确答案] C
[考查重点] 语义衔接
[解题过程] 本题目选择过去分词，修饰前面相邻的名词。句子叙述到Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only oneby the Spanish crown. "罗马天主教过去是西班牙的国教，是西班牙王室唯一......的宗教。" 该过去分词短语修饰前面的"Roman Catholicism 罗马天主教"，体现出"Roman crown 罗马皇室"对于"罗马天主教"的态度。 句中的only可判断，西班牙王室只承认罗马天主教。选项A. allow准许，表示许可，对于严肃的宗教地位不适用；选项B. preach 宣扬，说教，布道，对于宗教地位应该不仅仅是宣扬这么肤浅，皇室要通过政治权利规定宗教的信仰及其地位，该词不合理；选项C. grant 承认（授权），符合句子含义；选项D. fund资助，表示通过资金来支持，不符合宗教地位的要求。因此，正确答案为C。
12.[正确答案] D
[考查重点] 逻辑衔接
[解题过程] 本题目选择连词，体现句子之间的逻辑关系。 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism ..., some sought to end the... "大多数领导人致力于保留天主教，......一些人致力于结束......。"关于宗教信仰问题，领导人分成两个派别，即，多数领导人致力于保留天主教为新国家的官方宗教，而一些领导人致力于终结不能有其他宗教信仰的状况。显然，二者观点相异。因此，正确答案为D。注意while表示让步是常见考点。
13.[正确答案] A
[考查重点] 词汇辨析题
[解题过程] 本题目选择介词，将后面的名词和前面句子的逻辑关系。while most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism the official religion of the new states, "大多数领导人致力于保留天主教......新的官方宗教。" 选项A. as 作为；B. for 为了；C. under 在......之下；D. against 反对。显然这里as the official religion of the new states是方式状语，与maintain搭配使用，符合语义关系。因此，正确答案为A。
14.[正确答案] C
[考查重点] 语义衔接
[解题过程] 本题目选择名词，在句子中做宾语。句子叙述到some sought to end theof other faiths. "一些领导人致力于结束对于其他宗教信仰的......。" 选项A. spread 传播；B. interference干涉；C. exclusion 排除；D. influence 影响。"长久以来西班牙王室只允许人们信奉罗马天主教，一些领袖打算依然把天主教定为国教"，此处与之对立的观点是：结束对其他宗教的排斥，即允许人们信奉其他宗教。exclusion用在此处符合语境，表示"结束对于其他宗教的排挤"。因此，正确答案为C。
15.[正确答案] B
[考查重点] 语义衔接/固定搭配
[解题过程] 选择名词，构成rallying...的固定搭配。在句子中充当宾语。The defense of the Church became a rallying 15 for the conservative forces. 这里rallying cry为固定搭配，意为（起号召作用的）战斗口号。因此，正确答案为B。
16.[正确答案] D
[考查重点] 语义衔接
[解题过程] 本题目选择动词，与to 构成搭配，在句子中充当谓语动词。Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and hadin return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. "玻利瓦尔得到海地的援助，作为回报，他......在自己解放的地区废除奴隶制度。" 选项A. urge 敦促；B. intend 打算；C. expect 期望；D. promise 答应。从句中的in return可以看出，海地对玻利瓦尔的帮助并非无条件的，其条件就是后者承诺废除奴隶制度。因此，正确答案为D。
17.[正确答案] C
[考查重点] 词汇辨析
[解题过程] 本题目选择形容词，修饰名词colonies。By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain's colonies. "到了1854年，除了西班牙......的殖民地外，其他的地区都已经废除奴隶制。" 选项A. controlling正在统治的；B. former原来的；C. remaining遗留的；D. original 原始的。因此应选C，指西班牙残存的殖民地国家。
18.[正确答案] A
[考查重点] 语义辨析
[解题过程] Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much because... "停止印地安人上贡和对混血人种征税的早期承诺实现得颇为......。"选项A. slower较慢；B. faster较快；C. easier较容易；D. tougher较难。上文提到玻利瓦尔承诺废除奴隶制，到1854年除了西班牙剩余的殖民地外，其他地区都已废除奴隶制，因此，根据上下文可知，此处是说这个承诺实现得缓慢。因此，正确答案为A。
19.[正确答案] B
[考查重点] 语义衔接
[解题过程] 本题目选择动词，在定语从句中充当谓语动词。the new nations still needed the revenue such policies . "新的国家仍然需要这些政策所......的税收收入。"选项A. create 创建；B. produce 产生，生产；C. contribute 有助于；D. prefer 更喜欢。本题所在部分意为"新国家仍然需要这些政策所带来的税收收入"，这些税收收入是这些policies带来的，这里使用produce意思相近。created，不能与"revenue 收入"构成合理的主谓关系；contributed 有助于，一般要构成"contribute to"的短语才能够接宾语，在此不符合句子含义；选项D. preferred 更喜欢，一般要构成"prefer to"的短语。句子中没有提供比较的参照，所以不涉及"更喜欢"，不符合句子含义。因此，正确答案为B。
20.[正确答案] D
[考查重点] 语义衔接/固定搭配
[解题过程] Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population wasselfrule and democracy. "平等的情绪通常被缓解，这是由于担心大众......自治和民主。" 选项A. puzzled by 感到困惑；B. hostile to 敌对；C. pessimistic to 悲观；D. unprepared to 未准备好。由于新的独立国家的人们刚刚摆脱了殖民统治，因此人们还没有充分了解和熟悉自治和民主，这里使用unprepared for符合语境。因此，正确答案为D。
